Absolutism in Europe

10A costa

Isabella and Ferdinand

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon marry to unite Spain

• completed the Reconquest and institute the Inquisition

Charles V

The Grandson of Isabella and Ferdinand

• inherits Spain, Netherlands, Austria, Bohemia, American colonies

• Served as Holy Roman Emperor

• struggled with the Lutheran Princes, France, and Ottomans

Philip II

The King of Spain who was a Catholic autocrat

• built Escorial

• Defeats the Ottomans at the Battle of Lepanto

Battle of Lepanto

The naval battle between the Spanish, Papal, and Venetian navies to fight the Ottomans

• Ottomans lost control of the Mediterranean

Francis Drake & John Hawkins

The English privateers knighted by Queen Elizabeth

• raided Spanish gold fleets and colonies

Miguel de Cervantes

Wrote Don Quixote

El Greco

Painted mystical spiritual art

Diego Velaquez

Painted court portraits of Spanish royalty

Reconquista

The Centuries-long Christian effort to kick out Jews and Muslims

• Last Muslim Kingdom, Granada, fell in 1492

Inquisition

Church courts by Isabella and Ferdinand investigated suspected heretics

• Jews and Muslims were converted or tortured

Price Revolution

The massive inflation caused by influx of New World golds and silver

• bankrupted major

Causes of Spanish Decline

• cost of war

• lack of commercial middle class

• over-reliance on colonial silver

• food shortages

Henry Navarre (IV)

The first Bourbon king of France

• converted to Catholicism to unite France

• issues Edict of Nantes

Louis XIII

Son of Henry IV, came to power as a kid

• regents were his mother, Marie de Medici, and Cardinal Richelieu

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister under Louis XIII

• strengthened royal authority

• destroyed Protestant military strongholds

• entered France into the Thirty Years’ Warw

Huguenots

French Calvinists/Protestants

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

The coordinated attack on the wedding of Henry IV, killing thousands of Huguenots

Edict of Nantes

The decree issued by Henry IV granting the Huguenots freedom of worship, civil treatment, and govt. employment opportunities

Balance of Power

The foreign policy strategy not allowing for a single nation to dominate Europe

Thirty Years’ War

Conflict over religious rights in Bohemia, expanding into a political struggle against Hapsburg power across Germany

• severe population loss

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty ending the Thirty Years’ War

• made German states independent

• established the French as the leading European power

Louis XIV

The monarch of France ruling for 72 years

• Declared, “Letat, c’est moi” - I am the state

• believed in divine right

• creates a middle class bureaucracy to keep an eye on Nobles

Revocation of Edict of Nantes

Revoked the Edict in 1685, causing the Huguenots to convert or flee France

Divine Right

The political theory that Monarchs received power from God, and only God can hold accountable

Fronde

The rebellions in the 1640s that alarmed Louis XIV

• created his goal for absolute authority

Palace of Versailles

The Palace built to demonstrate the royal power and keep the nobility under Louis XIV’s influence

War of Succession

European war waged by England, Austria, Prussia, and Netherlands

• prevent France and Spain from merging under one

Peace of Utrecht

Treaty allowing Philip V to stay the Spanish king, as long as the French and Spanish crowns were separate

Elizabeth I

The “Virgin Queen” Re-establishing the Protestant Church of England

• defeats the Spanish Armada

• overseas trade

• preserved internal stability

Mary Queen of Scots

Elizabeth I’s cousin who was executed for treason

• plotted assassination on Elizabeth

Charles I

The English king who started the English Civil War

• his abuse of power led to his execution

Oliver Cromwell

The Puritan general who defeated Charles I

• abolishes the monarch and creates the Commonwealth

William III & Mary II

The Protestant co-rulers placed on the throne during Glorious Revolution after signing the English Bill of Rights

Petition of Right

The legal documentation singed by Charles I that restricted his own powers

• no taxation without parliament consent

• peacetime martial law

  • quatering of troops

English Civil War

The conflict between the Royal Cavaliers (Anglican nobles) and Roundheads (Puritan middle class)

Glorious Revolution

The transfer of power to William and Mary from James II

• the English wanted Protestant rulers

• James II had threatened to expand more Christian laws

• The birth of a Catholic male heir

English Bill of Rights

The constitutional milestone that ensured Parliamentary supremacy over taxes and army

• protect free speech in debates, prohibited excessive bail

Ivan IV/the terrible

The Czar who had a famine, killed his own son, and first person to be a Czar

• centralized Russia

• Time of Troubles, following his death: instability, civil war, serf rebellion and Polish invasion

Peter I

Czar who modernized Russia, adopted Western cultures and norms

• founded St. Petersburg

Catherine the Great

The German Princess who took throne after her husband dies

• expands Russian territory to the Black Sea

• Defeats Ottomans

• annexes Polish lands

Slavs

The people from Eastern Europe

Magyars

The nomadic people who established the kingdom of Hungary

Partitions of Poland

The dividing of Polish land, wiping the Polish state from the map (Russia, Prussia, and Austria)

Boyars

The Russian aristocrats whose power came from successive czars

James I

The King of England who unites the English and Scottish

• inherits the throne after Elizabeth’s death

  • She had no kid, so it was supposed to be Mary, but she was imprisoned

House of Lords

Nobility and Anglican bishops who historically supported the monarch

House of Commons

Merchants, lawyers, commoners who favored power between the Parliament and Crown

Gunpowder Plot

The failed Catholic plot against the Parliament and King James I

• Robert Catesby started the Plot

• Guy Fawkes guarded the explosives

King James Bible

The Bible King James commissioned by James I

• most used Bible today