Write: Crime Prevention Exam Two

Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design

In general, efforts to alter physical design to affect crime

Territoriality

The ability and desire of legitimate users of an area to lay claim to the area

Symbolic Territoriality

Things such as signs, landscaping, or other items that signal change in ownership or area

Real Territoriality

Engendered by walls, fences, gates, or other items that place a physical barrier in front of people

Surveillance

Any action that increases the chance that offenders will be observed by residents

Natural Surveillance

Designing an area that allows legitimate users to observe the daily activities of both friends and strangers; permits residents to observe criminal activity and take action

Formal Surveillance

The use of guards or employees specifically tasked with watching for offending

Mechanical Surveillance

Surveillance that utilizes cameras or other devices to observe activities or lights to simply increase the ability of people to see what is taking place

Image

Refers to building a neighborhood or community that does not appear vulnerable to crime and is not isolated from the surrounding community

Milieu

Idea that placement of a community within a larger, low-crime, high-surveillance area will inhibit criminal activity

Access Control

The idea of only allowing people who have legitimate business in an area to enter; reduces the opportunity for crime by increasing the effort needed to enter and exit a building or area for the purpose of committing a crime

Permeability

Access and egress to an area

Target-Hardening

Efforts that make potential criminal targets ore difficult to victimize, such as the installation of locks, bars, unbreakable glass, intruder alarms, fences, safes, and other devices

Activity Support

Actions taken to build a community atmosphere; efforts that enhance the ability to recognize neighbors and identify the needs of the community; efforts the enhance social cohesion among residents and contribute to a communal atmosphere, which works to eliminate crime and other common problems; includes efforts such as street fairs, community days, and other social events

Secured By Design

An ongoing program in England that emphasizes and promotes the inclusion of sfety and security and measures in new and existing. buildings

Access and Movement

Places with well-defined routes, spaces, and entrances that provide for convenient movement without compromising security

Structure

Places that are structured so that different uses do not cause conflict

Surveillance Principle

Places where all publicy accessible spaces are overlooked

Ownership

Places that promote a sense of ownership, respect, territorial responsibility, and community

Physical Protection

Places that include necessary, well-designed security features

Activity

Places where the level of human activity is appropriate to the location and creates a reduced risk of crime and sense of safety at all times

Management and Maintenance

Places that are designed with management and maintenance in mind, to discourage crime in the present and the future

Type 1 Effects

Those that measure the direct impact of physical design features on crime

Type 2 Effects

Consider the impact of the physical design on a variety of intervening factors

Type 3 Effects

Measures deal with the direct effect of the intervening factors on crime and the indirect influence of physical design on crime through the intervening factors

Prospect

The ability of individuals to see an area; areas that offer greater levels of this should engender less fear and victimization than locations that limit sight lines

Refuge

The presence or absence of concealment in which offenders could hide from potential victims; provides both hiding places and protections for potential offenders

Escape

The ability of both offenders and victims to escape from an area before or after an offense

Project Green Light

Introduced high-definition surveillance cameras in Detroit business, along with improved lighting and signage

Operation Identification

Marking property to increase the difficulty for offenders to dispose of marked items

Forensic Property Marking

Involves the marking of property with invisible DNA markings using chemicals that create unique, non-removable marks

Space Syntax

Involves assessing the components of the environment and the relation of the structures to what occurs in different areas

Alley Gating

Erecting gates on alleys that run behind homes and businesses, thereby restricting access to residents or other legitimate users

Reducing Burglarly Initiative

Program in the UK that relies on local communities to identify the causes of the burglary problems in their area and to develop appropriate interventions; includes a wide range of interventions, many of which are physical design changes

Police Label Safe Housing

Started in 1989 in the Netherlands and run by the Ministry of the Interior includes 48 design elements addressing urban design, building design, and development layout, landscaping, and other elements of environmental design

Second-Gen CPTED

An approach to crime prevention that focuses on the following four components: (1) social cohesion between residents, businesses, and others; (2) connectivity of the local area to government agenceis, businesses, and others that can contribute to an area improvement; (3) community cultural initiatives that can bring people together; and (4) threshold capacity that builds cohesion among residents and serves to enhance the community and support the needs and efforts of the residents

Third-Gen CPTED

An approach to crime prevention that uses green sustainable design to improve communities and reduce crime (and other social) problems, including for major components: (1) places, (2) people, (3) technology, and (4) networks

Broken Windows Theory

Argues that signs of physical and social disorder signal that an area or location is not protected and is open to criminal behavior

Incivility

Various factors involved in disorder and community decline

Physical Incivility

Deterioration of building, litter, graffiti, vandalism, and abandoned buildings and cars

Social Incivility

Public drunkenness, vagrancy, groups of loitering youths, harassment such as begging or panhandling, visible drug sales and use

Neighborhood Watch

Bringing together neighbors and residents of an area in order to promote crime prevention activity

National Neighborhood Watch (NNW)

A division of the National Sheriff's Association that empowers citizens to become active in community efforts through participation in neighborhood watch groups

Citizen Patrols

Often a key element of neighborhood watch; its purpose is to put more eyes on the street in order to increase the chances of detecting strangers in the area and discovering crimes in progress; residents are discouraged from physically intervening into any other suspicious activity

Guardian Angels

One example of citizen patrolling that has gained international attention; mainly found in large urban areas and consisting primarily of young individuals

Street Pastors

A UK citizen patrol group that operates in 250 locations and claims more than 9000 volunteers

Whistle Stop

Residents blow a whistle if they see something happening out of the ordinary as they are shopping, working, or simply walking out of doors

Drug Free Communities Support Program

A program from the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy that funds community antidrug initiatives

Routine Activities Theory

Argues that the normal movement and activities of both potential offenders and victims play a role in the occurrence of crime; crime requires a suitable target, a motivated offender, and an absence of guardians

Triplets of Guardianship

Guardians of Targets, Handlers of Offenders, and Managers of Places-which correspond to the elements of RAT

Guardians of Targets

Individuals or entities that supervise and protect a suitable target (such as a person, property, or object) to prevent a crime from occurring

Handlers of Offenders

Individuals who have a special relationship with a potential offender and can exert informal social control over them to prevent them from committing a crime

Managers of Places

Individuals who have responsibility, control, or supervision over the physical settings where crimes might occur

Super Controllers

The people, organizations, and institutions, that creates incentives for controllers to prevent crime

Private Control

Control based on interpersonal relationships

Parochial Control

Sources of control from neighborhood networks and institutions, such as schools, churches, or businesses

New Parochialism

An approach that argues that struggling neighborhoods can bring about change if they are provided outside assistance by a combination of parochial and public control

Public Control

The ability to marshal input, support, and resources from public agencies

Kirkholt Burglary Prevention Project

Major anti-burglary initiative in the UK that relied on partnership

Safer Cities Program

A program under which the British government provided funds for local initiatives aimed at reducing crime and fear of crime, and the creation of safer cities; key was building multi-agency partnerships for fighting social, physical, and economic problems in urban areas

Community Antidrug (CAD) Programs

Residents banding together with each other, the police, and various agencies and organizations to attack drug use, drug sales, and related problems

Streetblock

Area containing the homes on either side of a single block

Crime Displacement

The shift of crime due to the preventive actions of the individual or society; six types: territorial. tactical. target, functional, and perpetrator

Territorial Displacement

Movement of crime from one location to another

Temporal Displacement

The movement of offending to another time period while remaining in the same area; may manifest itself through a shift in larcenies from the late evening to the early morning

Tactical Displacement

Utilizing new means to commit the same offense

Target Displacement

Choosing different victims within the same area

Functional Displacement

When offenders change to a new type of offense, such as shifting from larceny to burglary or burglary to robbery

Pepetrator Displacement

Occurs when the one offender causes his or her deviant behavior, only to be replaced by another offender

Ineastic

Term used to describe crime in which offenders are driven to commit a certain number of offenses over a given period

Rational Choie Theory

An approach that assumes that potential offenders make choices based on various factors in the physical and social environment; offenders respond to payoff, effort, peer support, risks, and similar factors in making the decision to commit a crime

Malign Displacement

The idea that efforts aimed at reducing crime may prompt an increase in offending or more serious crime

Benign Displacement

The argument that changes due to displacement may benefit society

Crime Fuses

Places where society allows crime to run relatively unchecked as a safety valve for the rest of society

Diffusion of Benefits

Focuses on at-risk factors that may lead individuals to deviant behavior

Hot Products

Items that attract attention and are target by thieves

CRAVED

Concealable, Removable, Available, Valuable, Enjoyable, and Disposable

Concealable

Easy to hide from detection

Removable

Simple to take and transport

Available

Readily Accessible

Valuble

Worth stealing due to financial or personal value

Enjoyable

Attractive or desirable for personal use

Disposable

Easy to sell or trade

Soft Determinism

Individuals make choices but only within the realm of available alternatives presented to them

Crime Pattern Theory

Theory proposing that crime and criminal behavior fit patterns that can be identified and understood when viewed in terms of where and when they occur; crime patterns can be understood because of similarities that emerge when you consider "the specific criminal event, the site, the situation, the activity backcloth, the probable crime templates, the triggering events, and the general factors influencing the readiness or willingness of individuals to commit crimes

Environmental Backcloth

The social, economic, cultural, and physical conditions within which people operate

Social/Crime Template

The idea that people have templates that outline expectations of what will happen at certain times and places given certain behavior by the individual; a template tells an offender what should occur in certain place, time, or situation

Crime Generators

Locations that draw potential victims to the area

Crime Attractors

Areas to which potential offenders and others are drawn, such as drug markets, sites of street prostitution, or adult clubs and bars

Hunting Ground

Nodes where offenders recognize that potential victims frequent the area, there is a lack of guardians, and consequently the offender follows victims to that place

Nodes

Locations of activity, such as home, work, school, and shopping

Paths

Transit routes between nodes

Awareness Space

Nodes and paths wit which an individual has gained knowledge that can be used for determining whether to act

Cognitive Maps

Mental images of the environment

Recognition

Being able to identify your location and various features in the area

Prediction

Direct stimuli that lead to action; deviant peers, going along with the crowd, or following orders to do something wrong

Evaluation

The process by which the individual uses the information gathered in the earlier stages of cognitive mapping and determines which options are acceptable modes of behavior

Action

The behavior determined to be appropriate based on the information gained in the first three steps of cognitive mapping: recognition, prediction, and evaluation

Activity Space

The term for a location where it is deemed through cognitive mapping or experience as a place to take action

Edges

Areas on the periphery of nodes and paths that are prime spots for deviant behavior; both physical and perceptual, experience greater diversity in people and activity