Thẻ ghi nhớ: U3 Gap filling

1. The levels of management and division of responsibilities within an organization is known as the __________.

organizational structure

2. The levels of management in an organization, from the highest to the lowest rank, form a __________.

hierarchy

3. The structure that allows instructions to be passed down from senior management to lower levels is the __________.

chain of command

4. The number of subordinates working directly under a manager is referred to as the __________.

span of control

5. A __________ is a senior manager who leads a particular department or division and helps implement company policy.

director

6. A manager who has direct responsibility and authority over employees below them in the hierarchy is a __________.

line manager

7. A specialist who provides support, advice, and assistance to line managers without having line authority is a __________.

staff manager

8. A junior manager who directly oversees and controls a team of workers on a daily basis is a __________.

supervisor

9. Giving a subordinate the authority and responsibility to perform a particular task is called __________.

delegation

10. __________ involves taking decision-making power away from the Head Office and distributing it among lower levels or divisions.

Decentralization

11. An employee who works under the direct authority of a manager lower in the hierarchy is a __________.

subordinate

12. In a __________, departments are grouped together by specialized activities such as production, finance, and marketing.

functional structure

13. A traditional organization with many management levels, a long chain of command, and a narrow span of control has a __________.

pyramidal structure

14. A system in which employees report to more than one superior (e.g., both a functional manager and a project manager) is called __________.

matrix management

15. A flexible team that brings together staff from different functional departments to work on a specific project is a __________ team.

cross-functional

16. Removing intermediate levels of management to create a flatter structure and shorten the chain of command is called __________.

delayering

17. Contracting out or transferring internal business functions to external suppliers is known as __________.

outsourcing

18. Performing tasks or business operations internally using a company's own staff and resources is doing them __________.

in-house

19. A business model based on mass collaboration, openness, and sharing through the Internet with people outside the firm is called __________.

wikinomics

20. An employee or department that is empowered to make decisions independently without consulting higher authority is __________.

autonomous

21. Major long-term decisions and policies that guide the overall direction of a company are __________ issues.

strategic

22. The process of translating general strategic goals into concrete, short-term plans for daily operations is __________.

operational planning

23. Funding business operations using internal funds generated by the firm rather than taking external loans is __________.

self-financing

24. Profits kept and reinvested by a company rather than distributed as dividends to shareholders are __________.

retained earnings