pharm lab 6/7 quiz

oral non aqueous solutions of lipophilic APIs are prepared in

fixed oils (peanut, corn, soybean, sesame, olive)

water soluble APIs

vitamins (A, D, E, K), CNS drugs (diazepam) and hormones (progesterone)

APIs that are lipophilic/hydrophobic are insoluble in water

can be dissolved in water by using co-solvents or pH modification

hydrophobic drugs are solubilized with

use of solubilizers and complexing agents

surfactants can solubilize drugs by

a direct co solvent effect or by uptake into micelles

surfactant molecule

hydrophobic portion (tail) and hydrophilic portion (head)

cremophor

nonionic surfactant used to solubilize a wide variety of hydrophobic CNS and anticancer drugs

micelle formation

when surfactant molecules are dissolved in water at concentrations above critical micelle concentration, they form micelles

water soluble organic solvents

ethanol, propylene glycol, glycerin polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400)

water insoluble solvents

peanut oil, corn oil, soybean oil, sesame oil, olive oil, medium chain triglycerides

complexing agents

cyclodextrins

surfactants

non ionic surfactants (Cremophor EL, Cremophor RH 40,  polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80), anionic surfactants

heat should be used when

preparing highly concentrated solutions (simple syrup, sorbitol 70%)

heat shouldn't be used with

exothermic substances that give off heat during dissolution (calcium chloride, sodium hydroxide)

electrolytes

solutions that have sodium, potassium salts of chloride or citrate

highly hypertonic oral preparations must be dissolved or diluted

with proper amt of water before administration

hypertonic parenteral solutions must be diluted

appropriately with IV fluids..administered through large veins

precipitation and degradation occurs when

highly concentrated electrolyte solutions are mixed with certain drugs

osmotic pressure

pressure exerted by the molecules/ions present in the solution on the semipermeable membrane

non electrolytes do not associate

true

electrolytes disassociate into ions

true

osmotic pressure depends on ionic concentration

true

insoluble ingredients do not enter osmotic pressure

true

osmolarity

the concentration of osmotically active particles (molecules/ions) per unit volume (L) of solution

osmolality

the concentration of the osmotically active particles (molecules, ions) per unit mass (kg) of solvent

volume changes with temperature so

osmolality values are more reliable than osmolarity

percentage dissociation

related to osmotic pressure, substances that are not completely dissociated have a lower osmotic pressure than those that are 100% dissociated (the number of ions in the product is higher)

tonicity

measure of osmotic pressure gradient between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane

normal osmolality of ICF and blood plasma ranges from

285-290mOsm/kg

isotonic

osmolality is similar to most of blood plasm

hypertonic

osmolality is higher than that of blood plasma

hypotonic

osmolality is lower than that of blood plasma

hemolysis

cell will burst

hypertonic oral solutions can prevent

GI (sorbitol, iron) and osmotic diarrhea (sorbitol, glycerin)

hypertonic injectable solutions

cause local irritation, thrombophlebitis, hemolysis

osmolar range of GI tract

127-357mOsm/kg

oral solutions should not be administered undiluted over

2000 mOsm/kg

equivalent

equivalent weight