HIST 118 - Midterm Review

Quotes taken from the quote bank -

Answer each quote with the following:

• Author or what is known about work’s creators

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

Concepts and their terms, as well as dynasties and their time periods, will be AFTER the practice for the quotes

Overall aim to use the cards to do the following after reviewing and being able to complete it in the time allotted:
1. Read the quotation and identify through
•    its author (if known; otherwise, what do we know about the work’s creators?)
•    the title and genre of the work from which it is extracted.
•    its timeframe (match from the “Where and When” bank)

2. You must then write a short analysis to:
•    place the quote in its historical context (150-200 words).
•    explain its broader significance to our understanding of the past (150-200 words).

Beginning Note

“[King] Wei Wenhou asked Zixia: "When I listen to the ancient yue during a sacrificial ritual I am really worried about falling asleep. But when I listen to the popular melodies from the states of Zheng and Wei, I don't feel the least bit tired. I'd like to know why I react to the ancient yue and the new yue so differently.”

• No Specific Author

• Zhou dynasty, China - warring states (475-221 BCE.) - Ancient China

• Historical Chronicle/Court document - its part of anecdotes, no specific author

• Fighting Ideals to become state-wide values of time perioid created can help push for these anecdotes to be seen as valuable to preserve as well as to continue to be told verbally

• Yue is an ancient dance performed to music as part of a ceremony

  • When performance over, the master of ceremony delievers his speech, He talks about the greatness of the past and encourages everyone to better themselves and their families also to help maintain fair and balanced world order

  • New yue described as decadent, indulgent, excessive, disorderly

    • can’t tell fathers from sons - in end nothing to be said in respect to forefathers

• Mohism (Against music), Confucianism (filial piety, family values)

  • New music is stimulating but causes social disorder

  • Old music sleepy but social harmony

  • King’s responsibility to choose the correct one (in this case old music highly implied) even if not easy or what he prefers

    • both mohism and confucianism belief that rulers should attend to people’s needs imprtially

  • Teaching is essential

“There are three things people worry about the most: that when hungry they will have no food, when cold they will have no clothing, and when weary they will have no rest. These are the three great worries of the people. Now let us try sounding the great bells, striking the rolling drums, strumming the zithers, blowing the pipes, and waving swords and spears like in the war dance. Does this do anything to provide food and clothing for the people? I hardly think so.”

• Mo Zi

• Warring States Period (475-221 BCE), China

• Philosophical Essay - Condemnation of Music by Mo Zi

• Because of Warring States Period - chaos within state and with neighboring countries

  • Rulers worried about revolt

  • Whirlwind of new ideas, concepts (Mohism, Confucianism, Legalist, Daoists, etc.)

• Chapter the quote is in is from bigger argument of the unimportance of music

  • Mo Zi believed common good, respect, everyone has their own duty to fufill in order for society to thrive

  • Developing universal love part of Mohism

    • nonviolence, utilitarianism

    • benefit commoners and the overall society

  • Music = waste because brings no benefit to society

    • doesn’t aid in satisfying the three things people worry about —> Hunger, Cold, Rest

    • shows that music only harms society

  • Show of not only Mo Zi Values but China society

    • fear of chaos = wantinig to suppress violence

    • New ideas in paranoid political climate

    • Mo Zi contridicts past beliefs as it was revered and praised in past that would increase morale and keep peace.

• Mohism (against Music), China’s political climate = Center and periphery (political, cultural), Ancestors (their view on music),

“Listening to Music like the "Odes" and the "Hymns," we aspire to greater things. Holding the spears and learning the proper movements and postures of war dance, we appear more dignified. Abiding by the choreography and moving to the rhythms, we move correctly in ranks and advance and retreat in good order. Music can teach us how to march abroad to punish offenders as well as how to behave with civility at home, because they are based on the same principle: submission to order. Music is the unifying center of the world, the key to peace and harmony, and an indispensable need of human emotions. This is the manner in which our ancestral kings created the art of Music. And yet Mo Zi objects to it. Why?”

• Xun Zi (Xun Kuang)

• Warring States period (475-221 BCE.), China

• Philosophical Essay - A Discusion of Music by Xun Kaung (Xun Zi)

• Because of Warring States Period - chaos within state and with neighboring countries

  • Rulers worried about revolt

  • Whirlwind of new ideas, concepts (Mohism, Confucianism, Legalist, Daoists, etc.)

• Response to Mo Zi ideas on Music (Critized Music, Music = bad)

  • believes music needed for educational purpose, beyond entertainment

  • argument reflects confucian ideals - society needs order and proper relationships between people (the five relationships)

  • Understanding music as tool for eeducation, social order, and government

  • Because of period also - scholars are all debating how different practices could contribute to a stable and harmonious society

  • Goes against Mohism idea of Universiality, Xun Zi aims to explain why in confucianism music is as important as food.

  • Confucianism is the winning side of this argument over centuries later and has more influence compared to Mohism

• Confucianism (Xun Zi side), Mohism (against author), Social hierarchy

“Now Amaterasu heard this and said, ‘‘Since I have shut myself up in the Rockcave, there ought surely to be continual night in the Central Land of fertile reed-plains. How then can Ame no Uzume no Mikoto be so jolly?’’ So with her august hand, she opened for a narrow space the Rock-door and peeped out. Then Ta-jikara-o no kami forthwith took Amaterasu by the hand and led her out.”

• Court Historians - No actual author - oral traditions, creation story

• Yamato Kingdom of Japan

• Historical Chronicle, from the Nihongi - oral traditions - no author

• Influenced by chinese culture and values

  • Silk Road time period overlapping

    • Connection of japanese and chinese culture and social hierarchy of lineage and ruling

    • Amaterasu is said to be the ancestor to the current ruling family of Japan - giving legitimacy to rule

  • story ritually reinacted in shinto shrines - beginning of Ritual dance

• Amaterasu (sun goddess) anatafonized by brother (misbehaving) (messing with crops and more) and therefore she shuts herself away, and the other gods try to get her out of the cave so that the world can have sun again. They use music and the brother is punished.

• Confucian (equivalent the sage kings and their lineage, Music), Social Hierarchy (familial connection), Chinese tradition of ancestry of gods in Confucian texts, Blurring of boundaries of Korea and Japan in the myth (belief systems being similar, Religious syncretism), Legitimation (of rulers), Silk Road (transmission of ideas, relationship to modern borders)

“The Tian-bao was in its final years,

the Turks were planning strife,

the Turks on purpose sent a girl

skilled in dancing the Whirl.

She so whirled our enlightened prince

that he did not know he was lost,

when a beguiling Turk came suddenly

to the Palace of Lasting Life”

• Yuan Zhen - elite male poet

• Tang Dynasty

• Poem - The girl who danced the whirl by Yuan Zhen

• From tang dynasty that has lots of connections and trade with turk states (China)

  • Silk road connection

  • Cosmopoliton state

  • Effect by central asia imports

  • Rebellion after tianbao reign

• Girl sent to distract prince with dancing

  • show how dancing connected to political events in tang dynasty

    • the turks/Hu - war and conflict

  • Tian bao is datable event (reign from 742-756), with yellow river as an actual place

  • Dancer repersented as a distraction

    • Good influence if right time/reason, bad influence if wrong time/reason

  • Author blaming monarch on being distracted by foreign music and dancer

  • Confucian ideas, Mohism - bad music

• Confucianism, Mohism, Silk Road (modern borders and nationalisms)

“The dancer of Huteng is a boy from Liangzhou;

His body is [as pale] as jade, and his nose is [as sharp] as an awl.

Wearing a white-colored light robe, the front and back [of the robe] is rolled up;

Wearing a grape-colored long belt, one end [of the belt] is hanging.

He kneels in front of the tent and speaks in his home accent;

He tidies up the front of his robe, stirs his sleeves, and dances for you.”

• Li Duan

• Tang Empire/Dynasty, China

• Poem - The Leaping Hu by Li Duan

• Silk Road

  • not just exchange of goods but cultural practices to got to different regions

  • People from different places, accents and clothes

  • Comsopoliton of Tang Dynasty

  • Connection to central asia (Huteng boy)

• Turkic ancestor and the physical differences are being picked out and noted by author of the difference - Extoticized

  • Turks expanded and went to the place, creating the later in poem mentioned tang dynasty/empire whose influence is wanning

    • Buggies tell us war is coming

    • Wasn’t it great when we were great empire? but glory days might be behind us

• Silk Road (nationalism), Ancestors (Turks), Social Hierarchy and relation to race, relation to whirling girl

The king is father,

And his ministers are loving mothers.

His subjects are foolish children;

They only receive what love brings.

• Buddhist Master Ch’ungdam (Monk)

• Unified Silla Kingdom (late 700 BCE) - Korea

• Song - Statemanship by Master Ch’ungdam, requested by King Kyongdok’s request

• Growth of Korean state in silk road era and how these ideas (buddhism, confucianism) are coming through the silk road

  • Spread of buddism by silk road through Korea, china, japan, and central asia

• Addresses ideas of government and its place in everday beliefs

  • Family as state metaophor, importance of five relationships and filial piety of needing to rely on eachother

  • connection of ruler’s duty to subjects and how if that relationship fials everyone suffers - confucian

  • Social hierarchy as in Korea has yangban as highest status and Korea social system is not as fluid as china, if youre born there you are there.

  • Buddhist Monk made the song - requested as way to merge the concepts and expan reputation and legitmacy for rule.

• Confucian (Family and gender order, five relationships, filial piety, family as state metaphor), Regilious syncretism, Buddhism and buddhist ideas merging with Confucian

“12th year [604], Summer, 4th month, 3rd day. The Prince Imperial in person prepared for the first time laws. There were seventeen clauses, as follows:

I. Harmony is to be valued, and contentiousness avoided. All men are inclined to partisanship and few are truly discerning. Hence there are some who disobey their lords and fathers or who maintain feuds with the neighboring villages. But when those above are harmonious and those below are conciliatory and there is concord in the discussion of all matters, the disposition of affairs comes about naturally. Then what is there that cannot be accomplished?

II. Sincerely reverence the Three Treasures. The Buddha, the Law, and the religious orders are the final refuge of all beings and the supreme objects of reverence in all countries. […]”

• No specific author - could be noted as Court recorders or Prince shotoku

• 400 C.E Amato Kingdom, Japan

• Nighoi - historical chronical / Court chronical

• TIme of needing direction in Japan

  • Documents represents effort by Prince Shotoku

    • Right hand man to aunt - the queen

    • The buddhist beliefs add to concrete and legitmacy of their line to rule

• Family to state, securing position, Buddhist patronage helps build up influence

  • Japanese royal family really enthusiatic ideas of buddhist ideas

    • Prince shotoku seen as Buddifasa status (high) after his death

    • Moral fugitive,

• Confucian (family to state), Social hierarchy (monarchy), Buddhism ( three treasures), Legitmacy (of Rule)

“The class is language and literature,

Read the texts with passion.

For each new word you encounter,

I will provide the explanation.

Learn the rules of your language,

Fluently read the books.

May your handwriting be very beautiful,

May your words look like pearls.”

• Albajan Awut Ayup

• Modern People’s Republic of China, Early 2000s-2010s

• Song - Dear Teacher by Alabjan Awut Ayup (singer)

• Pop Song from PRC in Uyghur language - minority language

  • First allowed and fairly supported to become popular in 2010s but in 2017 Singer disappears and assumed to be put into an education camp (has not been seen since)

  • SILK ROAD (how got this land, how ideas travel, later insong silk road mentioned)

    • Different cultures shared knowledge, tradition, and ideas

    • connected different cultures through trade

  • Queen Amansia Uyghur Figure

• Highlights Nationalism and learning your own langague based on your ethnicity

  • Shows how PRC is changing view on ethinic identity so that expresses that identity is seen as promoting disloyalty

  • Importance of education in Uyghur culture

• Confucianism (Music), Silk Road (Nationalism and new ideas

“Whoo, Yi Dai Yi Lu, the Belt and Road!

Oh, Belt and Road!

When Belt and Road reaches Europe,

Europe's red wine is delivered to the doorstep half a month earlier.

Containers at the Piraeus port

are shipped away much faster.

When Belt and Road reaches Egypt,

Suez Canal Economic Zone

boosts the local GDP.

Chinese wind sweeps across the desert.”

• No Specific Author could say New China TV or Present day New Republic of China

• Modern People’s Republic of China, 2010s

• Song - The Belt and Road, Sing along By New China TV

• Other side to Dear Teacher

  • China was very wealthy in silk road era - reason to want to return to even moreprosperous era and create more trade alliances

  • Intesnifying idea of silk road

• China positioning itself as a big friendly place - good place for trade, silk road was good so we will be good now —> Propaganda , connect china with other countries

  • Idea of claiming history

• Sik Road, Confucian/Mohism of Music, Global trade, ecomonic markets and consumer goods (Goods valued by whom and why?)

“TARŌ KAJA: Oh, you've done it now!

JIRŌ KAJA: Done what?

TARŌ KAJA: This Busu was only sugar. You could order as much as you liked right now, and you would have no trouble getting as much of the same as you might want, but that hanging scroll was a painting of Kannon Buddha by the great Priest Mokkei, most highly treasured by our master. And now you have torn it to pieces. As soon as he comes back, I'll tell him everything right off.”

• No Direct Author - Oral Tradition

• Edo Period of Japan

• Play or Kyogen - Oral tradition

• background context for the source's creation,

• Ate sugar and have to create an excuse to why and end up destroying master’s items

  • Social hierarchy samuri and commoners (the legal distinction in Japan

• Legitmacy, Economy and Consumer Goods (Sugar imported from outside countries = wealth and legitmadcy in china art able to afford to have higher status and culturally wealthy"), Social Hierarchy, Buddhism

“YANGBAN: How dare you act in such a way in front of me?

SǑNPI: How on earth can you behave that way toward me?

YANGBAN: Well. Do you mean your lineage is as noble as mine?

YANGBAN: Of course, my lineage, body, and limbs are superior to yours.

SǑNPI: Why is that so? Explain it!

YANGBAN: I am a son of a sa-daebu.

SONPI: What? A sa-daebu? I am a son of a p'al-daebu.

YANGBAN: What on earth is that?”

• 
  

• Josang Dynasty, Korea

• Play

• Produced by commoners

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• Social Hierarchy (Stagnant, cannot move up and down unlike china - Yangban Highest)

“Now what is called womanly virtue need not be brilliant ability, exceptionally different from others. Womanly words need be neither clever in debate nor keen in conversation. Womanly appearance requires neither a pretty nor a perfect face and form. Womanly work need not be work done more skillfully than that of others.”

• Baun Zhong

• Hnag Dynasty, China

• Intructional / educational Test

• Becomes educational curriculum for hundreds of years up to 1900s

  • About how women should be

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• COnfucianism(three followings for women)

“CHEN: May I enquire what books the young lady has studied?

DU: She has memorized the Four Books and the Four Books for Ladies, so now she should study something of the classics proper. The Changes set forth the cosmic duality of yin and yang in mysteries too profound for her; the Documents treat of government and are of no concern for a woman; the Springs and Autumns and the Rites are "orphan texts," in that each exists in single version only. The Book of Songs, however, devotes its very first lines to the virtue of the consort, and the four-syllable meter makes it an easy text to memorize; moreover, as my ancestor the great Du Fu once wrote, "the Songs are our family occupation"—she should study the Songs. Of course, all the other works and histories would be very well, did she not have the misfortune to be a girl.”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“Kwak-ssi, saddened, spoke, "After my prayers and deeds this child I bear in late years is but a daughter, you say?"

Blindman Shim responded, "Good wife! Cease that talk! Most important is that you have had a smooth delivery. With a child so well born, even though a daughter, would you trade her for just any son? Let us raise this girl with care, teaching her proper etiquette from the start, and all of needle-work and weaving. Then let us choose a fit husband for our gentle and virtuous daughter. If they are happy, hearten each other, and produce throngs of progeny, cannot their sons remember us in their rites?"“

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“Just now when I was overcome with dizziness and fell down, I saw your father. He came astride a crane, riding a cloud. He said, “Respected wife! When your dear husband was nearing his end, I exhorted you time and again with my deathbed injunctions. I told you to take care of Luobu and Ili, To eat vegetarian foods, to read the sutras and recite the Buddha’s name. Why did you send your son off to do business And break your vows behind his back?””

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“In my youth I studied Confucius and cherished the high ideal of the Spring and Autumn Annals. It is regrettable that my scholarship did not conform to conventional fashions, and my aspirations were not fulfilled. I then became tired of the examination hall, and my mind wandered in the realm beyond. While staying in Shanxi village in Qiupu [Shitai county], I compiled stories of Mulian's rescue of his mother and edited them into three volumes of Opera for Goodness. I set it to music and songs so that people with ears are all able to hear it, and set it to images so that people with eyes are all able to see it.”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“However meanly we must think of the taste and delicacy of the Court of China, whose most refined amusements seem to be chiefly such as I have now described, together with the wretched dramas of the morning, yet it must be confessed there was something grand and imposing in the general effect that resulted from the whole spectacle, the Emperor himself being seated in front upon his throne, and all his great men and officers attending in their robes of ceremony and stationed on each side of him, some standing, some sitting, some kneeling, and the guards and standard-bearers behind them in incalculable numbers.”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“Within the four seas all acclaim your name and teachings, your benevolent influence reaches as far as the eight deserts, your kindness reaches as deep as the four extremities. There is no violent wind or excessive rain in the skies, and no waves rising from the sea. And so the country of Yingjili (England), gazing in admiration at your imperial majesty, sincerely presents its tribute to the court. That country is several times farther away than Vietnam. Some people have travelled from there with great difficulty for several years, and yet they have not always succeeded in reaching the shores of China.”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“In today’s world, glory’s good fortune has shown up at entirely unexpected places. This Danjūrō is said to be the chief performer in Edo and collects over 1,000 ryō a year in salary. All the other actors ranked below him follow his example: they spend mountains of money, indulge in dissipation to their heart’s content, pay not the slightest heed to people suffering hardships or people who have become impoverished, but take magnificence to be the normal state of affairs. With the world like this, you should know that somehow the magnificence associated with persons of high rank and status has gone into decline, and instead splendor accumulates around these beings who lack all human qualities.”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“BENTEN: As you know, I came here disguised as a woman to wring some money out of you. I blew all our dough gambling in Akita and didn't even have a penny for a cup of soup, so thinking to earn myself a lousy ten ryō, I rented this woman's getup. I get by pretty good acting as a woman, so things would have gone nice and smooth if my cover hadn't been blown. This all ought to give you a good belly laugh.”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“For the past few years, both sides of Fuzhou Road have been packed with storytellers and singers, as far as the eye can see. People passing through that area are annoyed by the noise. Now the owner of the Yeshilou has invited a Western prostitute to perform every few days, so as to be different from everyone else. All she can sing is one indecent Chinese song… Those who have heard of this do not approve and think it is extremely silly.”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“Whereas the Literati of Shanghai, Cheng Kwei-yin and others, have petitioned setting forth that in the Foreign Settlements the numerous theatres encourage dissipation and lead to good people being contaminated by contact with bad. That in the case of the Actor Yang Yeh-liu [Yang Yuelou], his examination has brought to light proofs of a life of immorality. That by the obscenity of his acting he had led astray wives and daughters of respectable families. They therefore pray that Yang Yeh-liu be severely dealt with, and that a proclamation be issued ordering all heads of families to control their female inmates and not allow them to enter the theatres.”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“There are any number of examples of people who have easily risen in status and done well. I mean, wasn’t Oliver Cromwell, who at one stage became the president of England, a herdsman when he was a young man? Napoleon, who became the emperor of France, was of lowly birth, and the famous General Grant of the United States was the son of a brush maker whose parents put him in primary school when he was an infant, but could not continue to do so and he spent his days in poverty. Even in Japan, the Taikō, Hideyoshi, was a [sandal carrier], but ended up as a[n imperial regent]. I could cite plenty of people who have risen up in the world to perform deeds for their country. I think that if he marries Omasa, I am sure he will perform deeds for the Iwade Bank”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“She smiled at him with that beaming, childlike smile that only the Japanese can achieve. She recognized his good intentions and gave him credit for them. She was grateful, but she is a practical little woman, though an artist. "Very sorry," she said in her soft, broken French, which is very meager indeed. "Very sorry. Not take vase to Japan. Too far; get broken. Take money. Very sorry."“

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)

“If you want to know who we are We are gentlemen of Japan: On many a vase and jar — On many a screen and fan We figure in lively paint: Our attitude's queer and quaint — You're wrong if you think it ain't!”

• time period or approximate date,

• genre or type of text (a kabuki play? a journal entry?),

• background context for the source's creation,

• a good sense of how this specific quote fits into the full text,

• important historical concepts this source connects to and explores. (Confucianism, etc.)