Unit 2 Anatomical Organization, Histology, and Maintenance of Homeostasis

What are the 5 levels of Cellular Organization?

Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Organism

What is a cell?

The basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms, capable of performing life processes.

What are tissues?

Group of specialized cells which perform a specific functions

What are the 4 types of tissues?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

What are the 3 types of tissue layers?

Simple (single layer of cells), Stratified (more than one layer of cells), Pseudostratified (appears longer but not, instead nuclei don’t line up)

What are the 3 types of tissue shapes?

Squamous (flattened), Cuboidal (cube-like), Columnar (column-like)

What is the upper layer of the Epithelial tissue called?

The apical surface

What is the lower layer of the Epithelial tissue called?

The basal surface

What is the basement membrane?

A membrane that forms between the Epithelial and Connective tissue

What type of tissue always borders of free space?

Epithelial tissue

What does avascular mean?

Lacks it own blood supply

What are the purposes of Epithelial tissue?

Protection, filtration, secretion, absorption, excretion

Which tissue has high rates of mitosis making itself renew and repair itself rapidly?

Epithelial tissue

Which tissues have a brush border?

Pseudostratified Columnar and Simple Columnar

Which tissue has cilia with goblet cells?

Pseudostratified Columnar

Which tissue has microvilli with goblet cells?

Simple Columnar

Where is Simple Squamous Epithelial Tissue located?

Alveoli and the lining of blood vessels

Where is Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue located?

Kidney Tubules

Where is Simple Columnar Epithelial Tissue located?

Duodenum (part of the small intestine) and the digestive tract

Where is the Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue located?

Superficial skin layer

Where is Non-Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue located?

Esophagus, Oral cavity, Vagina, Anal canal

Where is Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue located?

Respiratory passages/the trachea and bronchi

What is Glandular Epithelium?

Makes up the secreting portions of exocrine glands

What are Endocrine Glands?

Secretions enter the extracellular fluid and diffuse into the bloodstream; no ducts; secretions are called hormones. Glands include adrenal, thyroid, and pituitary

What are Exocrine Glands?

Secrete products into a duct that leads to the surface of the skin or into the lumen (interior space) of a hollow organ. Glands include sweat and salivary glands. They are hollow and lined by Glandular Epithelium.

What is Merocrine?

A method of secretion where cells secrete their substances by exocytosis

Where is Merocrine located?

Salivary and Sudoriferous (sweat) Glands

What is Apocrine?

A method of secretion where a portion of the cell membrane that contains the secretion buds off

Where is Apocrine located?

Mammary and Ceruminous (ear wax) Glands

What is Holocrine?

A method of secretion where the entire cell disintegrates to excrete its substance

Where is Holocrine located?

Sebaceous (Oil) Glands

Which tissue is the most abundant and used for binding and supporting?

Connective Tissue

What is Mesenchymal Connective Tissue?

The first connective tissue to develop in the embryo from which all connective tissues are later derived

What is Extracellular Matrix Connective Tissue?

A material found in space between tissue cells, composed of ground substance + protein fibers

What are Ground Substances?

An amorphous, gel-like, and transparent substance that fills the space between cells and protein fibers

What are the 3 main types of Protein Fibers?

Collagen Fibers, Elastic Fibers, Reticular Fibers

What are the characteristics of Collagen Fibers?

Very strong, and flexible; contains collagen protein

Where are Collagen Fibers located?

Bones, Cartilage, Tendons, Ligaments, and Skin

What are the characteristics of Elastic Fibers?

Stretch and recoil; elastin protein

Where is Elastic Fibers located?

Skin, Blood Vessels, Lung Tissue

What are the characteristics of Reticular Fibers?

Support and strength; collagen protein with glycoprotein coating

Where are Reticular Fibers located?

Forms supporting framework for many soft organs like the spleen

What are Blast Cells?

Blast Cells secrete the matrix and produce new cells

What are Chondroblasts?

They secrete gelatinous matrix

What are Chondroblasts a Blast Cell of?

Cartilage

What are Osteoblasts?

Bone formation that secrete organic fibers and inorganic salts to create crystalline matrix

What are Osteoblasts a Blast Cell of?

Bone

What are Immature Fibroblasts and Mesenchymal Stem Cells a Blast Cell of?

Loose/Dense Connective Tissue

What are Mature Fibroblasts?

They secrete fibers and ground substance of matrix in loose and dense connective tissue, lots of collagen

What are Erythrocytes?

Red Blood cells

What do Red Blood cells do?

Transport oxygen

What are Leukocytes?

White Blood cells

What do White Blood cells do?

Immune Response

What do Plasma cells do?

Secrete antibodies/immune system

What are Thrombocytes?

Platelets

What do Platelets do?

Blood Clotting

What are Mast cells?

They produce histamine, a chemical that triggers inflammatory response which increases vascular permeability (swelling) and attracts more phagocytic cells to the site

What are Adipocytes?

Fat cells/store triglycerides found below the skin and around organs

What are Osteocytes?

Mature bone cells

What are Chondrocytes?

Mature cartilage cells

What are Macrophages?

Move about in connective tissue as scavengers clearing foreign particles

Which tissue contracts to produce voluntary or involuntary movements?

Muscle Tissue

Is Skeletal Muscle Striated or Non-Striated?

Striated

Is Smooth Muscle Striated or Non-Striated?

Non-Striated

Is Cardiac Muscle Striated or Non-Striated?

Striated/Intercalated Discs

Is Skeletal Muscle Tissue Voluntary or Involuntary?

Voluntary

Is Smooth Muscle Tissue Voluntary or Involuntary?

Involuntary

Is Cardiac Muscle Tissue Voluntary or Involuntary?

Involuntary

Where is Skeletal Muscle located?

Attached to bones of the skeletons

Where is Smooth Muscle located?

In walls of hollow organs; blood vessels, intestines, urinary tract

Where is Cardiac Muscle located?

Walls of the heart

What is the function of Skeletal Muscle Tissue?

Movements and locomotion

What is the function of Smooth Muscle Tissue?

Change diameter of blood vessels. Eliminate waste. Move materials along digestive tract

What is the function of Cardiac Muscle Tissue?

Pump Blood

What do Neurons do?

Specialized to transmit electrical (nerve) impulses by sensing stimuli then converting it into nerve impulses and signaling other nerves, muscles, or glands to respond

What do Neuroglia do?

Do not generate or conduct nerve impulses, they are smaller than neurons, and many times more numerous

What are Glial Cells?

Neuroglia

What is the role of Astrocytes (CNS)?

Help provide proper environment for the generation of nerve impulses

Provide nutrients to neurons

Take up excess neurotransmitters

Maintain proper ion balance (Ca 2+ and K+)

What is the role of Microglial cells (CNS)?

Engulf invading microbes

Clear debris of dead cells

What is the role of Oligodendrocytes (CNS)?

Provide support for surrounding neurons

Produce myelin sheaths around adjacent neuron axons

What is the role of Ependymal (CNS)?

Line cavities of the brain filled with CSF

Forms CSF and aids with its circulation

What is the role of Schwann cells (PNS)?

Produce myelin sheath around axons of PNS neurons

What is the role of Satellite cells (PNS)?

Form a protective layer around neuron cell bodies in PNS  providing nutritional and metabolic support

What are two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific function?

Organ

What is a group of related organs that have a common function?

Organ system

What system is composed of the skin and structures derived from it such as hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands?

Integumentary system 1

What system has the function of regulates body temperature, eliminates some wastes, detects sensations, protect?

Integumentary system 2

What system is composed of all the bones and joints of the body and their associated cartilages?

Skeletal system 1

What system has the function of supports and protects body, assists in movement, produces blood cells, stores minerals and lipids?

Skeletal system 2

What system is composed of specifically skeletal muscle tissue.  Other muscle tissue includes cardiac and smooth?

Muscular system 1

What system has the function of powers movements of the body, stabilizes body position, generates heat?

Muscular system 2

What system has the components of blood, heart, and blood vessels?

Cardiovascular system/Circulator 1

What system has the function of pumped blood carries oxygen/nutrients to cells and carbon dioxide/wastes away from cells. Helps regulate pH, temperature and water content of body fluids. Helps defend against disease and mend damaged blood vessels?

Cardiovascular system/Circulator 2

What system is composed of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and structures containing lymphatic tissue such as spleen, thymus, tonsils?

Lymphatic/Immune system 1

What system has the functions of returns proteins and plasma to the cardiovascular system. Site of maturation/proliferation of certain types of WBC’s.  Production of antibodies to combat disease.  Transport of fats from gastrointestinal tract to the cardiovascular system?

Lymphatic/Immune system 2

What system is composed of brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs?

Nervous system 1

What system has the function of regulates body activities in response to internal and external stimuli.  Interprets stimuli and responds through muscular contractions or glandular secretions?

Nervous system 2

What system is composed of hormone producing glands such as the pituitary, thyroid, and pancreas?

Endocrine system 1

What system has the function of regulates body activities through hormones, chemicals transported in the blood to target cells?

Endocrine system 2

What system is composed of lungs and the airways leading into and out of them?

Respiratory system 1