Ch. 6 Extrinsic Motivation

What is extrinsic motivation?

Earn reward or avoid punishment.

What are quasi-needs?

Temporary needs created by a situation, such as needing money to pay a bill.

Why study how to use extrinsic rewards to motivate others?

Rewards can encourage behavior, but using them incorrectly can reduce motivation.

What is operant conditioning?

Learning how consequence affects behavior

What does S : R → C mean?

situation, response, consequence builds habits. Alarm rings, snooze, sleep more. repeat tomorrow

What part of your brain creates incentives?

The brain's reward system- VTA, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus

How can we determine in advance what will be a reinforcer?

It depends on whether it actually increases the behavior.

What is positive reinforcement?

Adding something desirable to increase a behavior.

What is negative reinforcement?

Removing something unpleasant to increase a behavior.

What part of the brain is involved in responding to reinforcers?

The brain's reward system, including dopamine pathways.

What is punishment?

A consequence that makes a behavior less likely to happen again.

What is positive punishment?

Adding something unpleasant to decrease a behavior.

What is negative punishment?

Removing something desirable to decrease a behavior.

What part of the brain is involved in responding to punishment?

Amygdala- threat and avoid

What problems are associated with punishment?

Fear, anger, avoidance, and aggression. Doesn’t improve behavior

What should parents do instead of spanking?

Reinforce good behavior, set clear limits, and use consistent, appropriate consequences.

What did Lepper et al. (1973) do and find?

Kids promised rewards for drawing later showed less interest than kids not promised rewards.

How do extrinsic rewards affect autonomy?

They can make people feel controlled instead of freely choosing.

How do extrinsic rewards affect performance and learning?

Reduce creativity, deep learning, and interest

What did Ariely et al. (2005) do and find?

High bonus: lower cognitive performance but higher mechanical performance

Why can extrinsic rewards reduce performance and learning?

Add pressure, distract attention, and shift focus away from learning.

What is cognitive evaluation theory?

Rewards and feedback can foster or diminish intrinsic motivation through autonomy and competence.

What is the controlling function of feedback?

Feedback feels like pressure or control, which can lower intrinsic motivation.

What is the informational function of feedback?

Feedback gives useful information about ability and progress, which can increase motivation.

How can different types of extrinsic motivation help us motivate people?

Match strategies to people's reasons for acting and help them find personal value in tasks.

What are the types of extrinsic motivation?

External: rewards or punishment; introjected: guilt or pressure; identified: personal value; integrated: fits your values and identity.

Why is integrated regulation extrinsic rather than intrinsic motivation?

The behavior still serves a separate goal, even when it matches your values.

How can you use this chapter to motivate people effectively?

Offer choices, explain value, give useful feedback, and avoid controlling rewards.

What are safer extrinsic rewards?

Unexpected, non-controlling rewards and positive feedback that recognizes effort or progress.

How can you motivate people to perform boring tasks?

Explain their purpose, offer choices, set goals, and give useful feedback.

Why explain the value of tasks?

People are more willing to do tasks when they understand why they matter.

Why can competition reduce motivation?

It can create pressure, fear of failure, and focus on winning instead of learni