Psych exam 4

social psychology

how other people influence what we think, feel, and do

conformity

changing your behavior or opinion to match a group

asch effect

the influence of a groups majority opinion on an indivuals opinion

what increases or decreases conformity

1. size of the majority

2. prescense of dissenter

3. public vs private responses

groupthink

occurs when a group cares more about everyone agreeing rather than making the right decsion

persuasion

when someone uses communication to change your attiude towards something

routes of persuasion

1. central

2. pheripheral

central route to persuasion

when you think about the information

pheripheral route to persuasion

when youre convinved into buying somethier other than the quality of the argument

what is the JFK vs Nixon debate an example of

how visual apperance and presentation can influence persuasion

foot in the door technique

persuasion strategy where you start with a small request and work your way up to bigger requests

door in the face technique

persuasion startagey where you start with a big ask followed by a smaller one

lowball technique

persuasion strategy where you secure a commitment with a desirable offer then change the terms after the commitment

obedience

following instructions from someone who has uthority over you

miligrams obedience study

experimenter told the teacher(participant) to shock a learner (actor). will they do it?

what amde people less likely to obey in the miligrams obidience study

1. experiment conducted in a less prestigious. enviroment off yales campus

2. learner physcially closer to the teacher

3. teacher ahd to put the learners hand on a shock plate

4. experimenter gave directions over the phone

what form of persuasion did migrams experiment use

foot in the door

ethical concerns of milgrams experiment

participants belived they were harming someone which causes distress

cognitive dissonance

occurs when your beliefs and actions conflict

how to reduce cognitive dissoncance

1. change your behavior

2. cjange your belief

3. add a justification

attribution

explanation for why someone behaves a ceertain way

types of attubution

dispositional

sutuational

dispositional (internal) attribution

you explain someones behavior using something about the person

situational (external) attribution

you explain behavior using somehting about the situation

fudamental attribution error

occurs when we judge another persons behavior and focus too much on their personality

actor observer bias

we explain others people behaviors diffrently from how we explain our own behavior

bystander effect

people are less likely to help someone in an emeregency

deindividuation

when being part of a group makes someone feel anonymous and less personally accountable fro theri actions

social identity of deindividuation e

in group suituations people may act according to the identity and norms of the group the belong too

agression

behavior intended to hurt another person

frustration- agression hypothesis

aggression can result from frustration

kondrad lorenz theory

gression is instinctive that has helped us survive

biological influences that affect agression

genetics, amygdala, limbic system ,testostrone, serotin

observational learning and agression

agression can be learned thru watching others (Baundras Bodo doll experiment)

critisims of Standford Prison Experiment

1. the guards recived instructions that encouraged them to be agressive which made conclusions less reliable

2. participants did not all act the same

3. get alot of press but that does not guarentee scientific validity

concept

a mental categlory that groups toghether things that share common characteristics

atificial concepts

categlory defined by specific rules or required characteristics

natural concepts

categlory formed through everyday experiences

prototype

most typical represtation of a concept

schema

mental framework that organizes related info and helps us understand situations

role schema

mental framework about how someons in a particular social role is expected to behave

event schema

mental framework about an expected sequence of behaviors in a familiar situation

early maldaptive schema

a harmful belief pattern that develops early in life

heuristic

a mental shortcut your brain uses to make quick decisions

representitve heuristic

occurs when you decided how likely something is based on how closely it resembels your idea of what is typical

base rate fallacy

occurs when you ignore actual stats and focus on specific characteristic instead

availability heuristic

occurs when you judge how likely something is absed on how easily you can rember examples of it

hindsight bias

occurs whn something happens and afterward you convince yourself that you knew it would happen

confirmation bias

seeking and interpretting info that supports exisiting beliefs while ignoring contradictory information

mental set

countinuing to use a familiar problem solving strategy because it worked previosusly

function fixedness

when your brain can only imagine using an object for its normal purpose

creativity

ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

novel

new

convergent thinking

finding one correct soulution using exsiting knowledge

divergent thinking

coming up with multiple solutions

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, acquire knwledge, solve problems, and adapt to new situations

spearmans two factor theory

intelligence consists of general ittenligence (g) and the ability to excel specific areas(s)

Catell Horn Carroll theory of intelligence

intelligence consits of general, broad, and narrow cognitive abilities

Fluid intelligence

ability to solve new probelms without relying heavily on prior knowledge

crystallized intelligence

knowledge and skills acquired thru learning and experience

Gardners theory of mutiple intelligences

proposed multiple types of intelligences rather than just one

Sternbergs triarchic theory of intelligence

belived intelligence has three main parts: analytical,creative, and practical intelligence

analyticla intelligence

book smart

creative intelligence

being able to deal with new situations

practical intelligence

street smarts

emotiional intelligence

ability to understand emotions and use them effectively

four components of emotional intelligence

1. perceive emotions

2. understand emotions

3. manage emotions

4. use emotions

percieve emotions

recognize how someone feels

understand emotions

know why emotions happen and how they can change

manage emotions

regulate your emotions appropriately

use emotions

using feelings to help guide thinking, creativiety, and adaption

reliability

consitency

validity

accuracy of what is being measured

standardization

consistent adminstration, scoringm and interpretation

norming

testing a large representative sample to establish comparision standards