BIO Lab Midterm Practical

Labs 1-6

Label the compound light microscope

Calculate Total Magnification using the ocular power and the low power objective

10 × 4 = 40x total magnification

Calculate Total Magnification using the ocular power and the medium power objective

10 × 10 = 100x total magnification

Calculate Total Magnification using the ocular power and the high power objective

10 × 40 = 400x total magnification

What are the 8 taxon levels in order?

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Which level is the most general? Most specific?

Domain - most general; greatest number of organisms

Species - most specific; fewest number of organisms

Which two taxon levels make up the scientific name of an organism?

Genus + Species

What are the three domains?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

What are the six kingdoms?

Bacteria, Archaea, (Eukarya): Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

Label the Bacterial Cell

What are these cell shapes?

Coccus/cocci (spherical)

Bacillus/bacilli (rod-shaped)

Spirillum/spirilla (wavy)

What are these cell arrangements?

Diplococci (pair of round cells)

Streptococci (chain of round cells)

Staphylococci (cluster of round cells)

Diplobacilli (pair of rods)

Streptobacilli (chain of rods)

What are the 4 stains/solutions used in the Gram Stain Technique? Which color indicates gram + and gram - for each?

1. Crystal violet; gram + = purple, gram - = purple

2. Iodine; gram + = purple, gram - = purple

3. Alcohol; gram + = purple, gram - = clear

4. Safranin; gram + = purple, gram - = pink

Which solution is the decolorizer? Which stain is the counterstain?

Alcohol; Safranin

Are the cells at letter A, Gram + or Gram – bacteria?

Are the cells at letter B, Gram + or Gram – bacteria?

Gram +

Gram -

Identify the cell shape for 1, 2, & 3

1. Coccus

2. Spirillum

3. Bacillus

Identify the cell shape and arrangement of the bacteria at letter A.

Diplobacilli

What are the characteristics of Amoeboid?

Use pseudopods for motility and food

Take in large material by phagocytosis

Some have external shells

What are the characteristics of Protozoa?

Unicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes

Most have some level of motility

Mostly free-living; some are parasitic

What are the characteristics of Ciliates?

Use cilia for motility

Contain two nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus)

Many have trichocysts for obtaining food and defensive purposes

Asexual binary fission and sexual conjugation both occur

What are the characteristics of Flagellates?

Use flagella for motility

Parasitic

What are the characteristics of Apicomplexans?

Nonmotile protozoa

Parasitic

Alternating asexual and sexual stages of development

What is this protist? Where are it’s pseudopodia, nucleus, and cell membrane?

Amoeba

Does this protist have a cell wall?

By what means do these organisms use their pseudopodia to take in large, solid material?

No
Phagocytosis

Name the structures at letter A.

Name the structure at letter B.

Pseudopods

Nucleus

What are these amoeboid protozoans?

What substance makes up their cell wall?

Foraminifera

calcium carbonate

What are these protists?

These protists have a cell wall composed of what substance?

Radiolarians

silica

What is this protist?

What is the asexual reproductive process seen here?

Paramecium

Binary fission

What structures does this protist use for motility/locomotion?

Does this protist have a cell wall?

cilia

no cell wall—-pellicle (flexible)

What is the process of reproduction seen in the picture?

Sexual Conjugation

What is the function of the macronucleus?

What is the function of the micronucleus

Daily functioning

Reproduction

What is the name of the organelle that helps expel excess water?

Contractile vacuole

What is the name of the flexible protein that helps these protists change their shape. (hint: this structure is also seen in Euglena)

pellicle

Name the short, hair-like extensions at letter A.

cilia

Name the protist at letter A.

What disease does this protist cause in humans?

Name the vector that transmits this protist to humans?

Is this protist a parasite?

Name the cell at letter B.

Trypanosoma

Sleeping Sickness

Tsetse fly

Parasite

red blood cell (erythrocyte)

This slide shows a red blood cell infected with spores from what parasite?

What is the name of the vector that transmits these spores to humans?

What is name of the disease caused by the vector?

Plasmodium

Female Anopheles mosquito

Malaria

What are the characteristics of Algae?

1. Photosynthetic protistans

2. Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms occur

3. Serve as primary producers in aquatic food webs

4. Major producers of oxygen in the environment

What are the characteristics of Dinoflagellates?

1. Unicellular flagellates with two flagella

2. Many have cellulose cell walls

3. Associated with Red Tide

What are the characteristics of Diatoms?

1. Unicellular golden algae

2. Planktonic

3. One of the most abundant forms of plankton

4. Possess two-part silica cell walls (“valves”)

What are the characteristics of Euglenoids?

1. Unicellular flagellates

2. Possess an anterior flagellum and chloroplasts

3. Possess eyespot to detect light

4. No cell wall

5. Pellicle – flexible protein

What are the characteristics of Green Algae?

1. Unicellular, colonial and multicellular forms occur

2. Sexual reproduction occurs via conjugation

What are the characteristics of Brown Algae?

1. Contain the photosynthetic pigment fucoxanthin

2. Possess air bladders

What are the characteristics of Red Algae?

1. Contain the photosynthetic pigment phycoerythrin

1. What is the name of the protists at the tips of the pointers?

2. These protists have a cell wall made up of what substance?

3. These protist produce a toxin that colors the water red, what is that condition?

4. What are the structures these protists use for motility?

1. Dinoflagellates

2. Cellulose

3. Red Tide

4. Two flagella

1. What is the algal protists seen here?

2. What is their cell wall made of?

3. These protists are an example of what?

4. These protists store what substance that aids in buoyancy?

1. Diatoms

2. Silica

3. Plankton

4. Oil

1. What is the name of the algal protists seen here?

2. What is the name of the structures at letter A?

3. Is this algal protist photosynthetic or heterotrophic?

4. Is this algal protist unicellular, colonial, or multicellular

1. Volvox

2. Daughter colonies

3. Photosynthetic

4. Colonial

1. What is the name of the filamentous, colonial green algae seen here?

2. Is this algae autotrophic or heterotrophic?

3. What is the name of the structure at letter A?

1. Spirogyra

2. Autotrophic

3. Chloroplasts

1. What is the name of the structure at letter B?

2. What is the name of the structure at letter C?

3. What is the name of the process of sexual reproduction?

1. Conjugation tube

2. Zygospore

3. Conjugation

1. What is the structure at letter A?

2. What is the structure at letter B?

3. What is the structure at letter C?

4. What is the structure at letter D?

5. What is the function of B?

1. Blades

2. Air bladders

3. Stipe

4. Holdfast

5. Provide buoyancy

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?

1. Eukaryotic

2. Heterotrophic

3. Most are saprobes, but some are parasitic

4. Digestion occurs externally

5. Cell walls contain chitin

What are the characteristics of Bread Mold?

1. Produce diploid zygospores through sexual reproduction

2. Hyphae do not have crosswalls (septa) between nuclei; hyphae are therefore non-septate hyphae

What are the characteristics of Sac Fungi (Cup Fungi)?

1. Septate hyphae to separate nuclei

2. Contain dikaryotic (n + n) cells; Dikaryon stage

What are the characteristics of Club Fungi?

Septate hyphae to separate nuclei

Contain dikaryotic (n + n) cells in basidia; Dikaryon stage

What is this? Label.

Rhizopus (black bread mold)

L: What is the name of the small, black dots that contain spores?
R: What is the name of the filaments that make up the mycelium?

L: Sporangia
R: Hyphae

1. What is this?

2. What phylum is this?

3. What does it produce?

4. Label.

1. Penicillium

2. Sac Fungi

3. Antibiotic Penicillin

1. What is this?

2. What is its taxonomic group?

1. Morchella

2. Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)

What is this? Label.

Coprinus

Label.

Label.

Label.

What are the characteristics of Lichen?

1. Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria

2. Fungal component of most lichens is a sac fungus

3. Symbiotic relationship is called mutualism; both organisms benefit

What are the three basic shapes of Lichen?

1. Foliose – looks like peeling paint

2. Crustose – looks like paint stains

3. Fruticose – typically branch-like; typically grows upright

Which is this?

Crustose

Which is this?

Foliose

Which is this?

Fruticose

The sporophyte generation produces spores by what cell division process?

Meiosis

The gametophyte produces the ___________ by what cell division process?

gametes by mitosis

When a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell, a 2n (diploid) ____________ is produced.

zygote

What’s another name for seedless nonvascular plants and what is the taxonomic group called?

Bryophytes and Liverworts (Marchantia)

What are the characteristics of Liverworts?

1. Seedless plants that lack vascular tissues

2. Fertilization requires the presence of water for sperm transport

3. Lack true roots

4. Possess rhizoids for anchorage and water absorption

What is this?

Marchantia sporophyte on underside of archegonial receptacle

Is the archegonial receptacle a male or female reproductive structure?

female

What are the names of the structures that are found in the sporophyte capsule?

1. Spores

2. Elaters

3. Operculum (the lid)

4. Peristome teeth (help release spores)

What is this? Label.

Antheridial Receptacle

What is this? Label.

Antheridium with Sperm Cells

What is this? Label.

Archegonial Receptacle

What is this? Label.

Archegonium with Egg Cell

What are the taxonomic groups in seedless vascular plants?

1. Ferns

2. Fern Allies

What are the characteristics of seedless vascular plants?

1. Seedless plants with vascular tissue; monoecious

2. Fertilization requires the presence of water for sperm transport

What is this? Label.

Fern Sorus

What is this? Label.

Fern Gametophyte with Sporophyte

What is the taxonomic group for vascular plants with seeds?

Gymnosperms (pine trees, red woods, cycads, & Ginkos)

What are the characteristics of Gymnosperms?

1. Vascular plants which produce ‘naked seeds’

2. Most are monoecious

3. Reproduce by alternation of generations, with a dominant sporophyte

4. Wind dispersal of pollen grains

What is this? Label.

Pine needle

What is this? Label.

Male pine cone

What is this? Who produces it?

Pollen grains; male pine cones

What is this? Label.

Female pine cone

What is the taxonomic group for Vascular plants with flowers and fruit?

Angiosperms

What are the characteristics of Vascular plants with flowers and fruit?

1. Flowering, vascular plants that produce seeds enclosed in fruit

2. Anthers produce pollen grains

3. Wind dispersal of pollen grains

Label parts of the flower.

What are the characteristics of monocots?

1. One cotyledons

2. Parallel venation of leaves

3. 3’s or multiples of 3 for petals

4. Scattered vascular bundles in stems

5. Fibrous root system

6. Examples: Corn, orchid, lily, grass

What are the characteristics of eudicots?

1. Two cotyledons

2. Branched, netted, or flared venation of leaves

3. 4’s or 5’s or multiples of 4 or 5 for petals

4. Arranged in a distinct circle (ring) vascular bundles in stems

5. Taproot system (most)

6. Examples: Apple, daisy, rose, oak tree

What are the characteristics of Fibrous Root?

1. Multiple slender roots growing from the base of the stem

2. Found in most monocots and some eudicots

What are the characteristics of Taproot?

1. Thick, central root extending from the base of the stem

2. Common in eudicots

What are the characteristics of Adventitious Roots?

1. Roots that form from lateral parts of the stem

2. Sometimes called prop roots

Which roots are these?

Fibrous, Taproot, Adventitious

Label

• Root cap (1)

• Apical meristem (2)

• Zone of elongation (3)

• Zone of maturation (4)

• Root hair (6)

• Epidermis (7)

• Cortex (8)

• Phloem (11)

• Cambium (12)

• Xylem (13 & 14)

Is this root tip from a monocot or a eudicot? (Hint: Does it have cambium? If so, it produces wood and is a eudicot.)

Eudicot

What is the function of the xylem?

What is the function of the phloem

Xylem: transfers water and minerals

Phloem: transfers food and hormones