Exam #1 content

what does it mean to be human?

anthropology

types of anthropology

-linguistic

-social

-archaeology

-biological

neontology

present

paleontology

past

What are humans?

• animals (have hair, produce things like milk,etc)

• primates (close living relatives

• apes (the primate group that humans belong in)

human species name

Homo sapiens (*latin scientific name)

habitual bipeds

what humans are (walk on two feet)

how do humans have complex language

all languages are transmitted from social learning

dimorphism

trait that occurs in distinct forms between members of same species

humans have ______ sexual dimorphism compared to other species

reduced

how do humans teeth compare to other species

small specifically with the canine

humans brain compared to other species

enlarged - largest brain among living primates

preocial/altricial

scale of development

• humans have a slow pace of development compared to other mammals they take longer to be dependent

what does humans having full opposable thumbs allow them to do

go in different directs, have longer thumbs which allows grasp and strength

humans are sweaty apes

• have less hair

• more sweat glands

where evolution occurs

population levels not individuals

evolution

change in heritable characteristics over generations (of biological populations)

• can go in many directions and change depending on environmental context

evolution is NOT

• linear

• progressive

• pre determined

• ladder with humans on top

Biocultural

for humans this is what evolution is

• our biology influences our culture (vise versa)

History of evolution

Charles Darwin ( people before him had ideas about evolution)

Natural selection

differential reproduction success based on variation of traits (overtime this is what leads to changes in species)

What is needed for natural selection to occur?

• Variation

• Inheritance of trait

• differential reproductive success

3 modes of selection

1. Stabilizing

2. Directional

3. Disruptive

Disruptive selection

Both extremes of trait have more reproductive success

Directional selection

one extreme of trait has more reproductive success

Stabilizing selection

average traits have more reproductive success

Major problem for Darwin/ Wallace

The exact mechanisms for inheritance were not known yet

Somatic cells

Makeup up tissues and their diploid

Gametic cells

Reproductive ( sperm cells)

Difference between DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded and its bases are A←>TC←>G RNA is single stranded, has U not T, A←> U

Replication

DNA replication occurs when the DNA double helix unzips, complementary nucleotides pair with exposed bases, and 1 identical DNA molecule is produced.

Mitosis

Growth/repair (somatic cells) results in two indentical daughter cells (dipolid)

meiosis

gamete production (sex cells) (haploid) only one from each parent is passed on to offspring

Protein synthesis

• Transcription

• Translation

Transcription

Synthesis of mRNA (messenger) from DNA template

Translation

Amino acid sequence (protein) from mRNA

DNA»RNA»protein

What is the process of transcription

1. DNA dentures

2. mRNA molecules built, adding free floating RNA to strand of DNA

3. mRNA strand then breaks away/ DNA zips back up

*occurs in the cell nucleus

What is the process of translation

mRNA is read by the ribosome then blinds to RNA then produces chain made up of amino acids

what are phenotypes influenced by

genotype and environment

what did Mendel do

discovered principles of inheritance by breading pea plants (studied monogenic)

what are monogenic traits

influenced by a single gene

polygenic traits

controlled by multiple genes

pleiotropic traits

several traits controlled by a single gene

non coding dna

the parts that do not provide instructions for building proteins(involved in gene regulation) - only about 2 percent of human genome contains protein coding genes

how does evolution relate to genetics

evolution is a change in allele frequencies overtime

what would have to happen when looking at alleles for it to be considered evolution

high number of alleles for gene change from one generation to the next

mechanisms of evolution

• mutation

• gene flow

• genetic drift

• natural selection

what do the mechanisms of evolution do

produce/redistribute variation in population

Mutation

change that occurs during the process of DNA replication and protein synthesis. this can be benifical,neutral or harmful.

• random

• increase in

• increase between

gene flow

exchange of alleles between populations. May occur through interbreeding/hybridization between groups pr through the migration of individuals

• random

• increase in

• decrease between

genetic drift

random change of allele frequencies in a population

*smaller the population size, the larger the impact

• random

• decrease in

• increase between

natural selection

traits change due to change of frequency in population as result of reproductive success

• NON random

• increase in

• increase or decrease between

Examples of genetic drift

• Fixation only one allele remains

• Founder effect reduction in variation when a small group of individuals become separated from a large population

• population bottleneck shows affected from specific event (disease, famine, etc..) this is a reduction is genetic diversity

what is denscent with modification not

LINEAR! this changes over generations

what is mircroevolution

radical changes with in a species in natural selection

what is macroevolution

leading to new species in natural selection

sexual selection

selection favors trait that attracts male leading to reproductive success (peacock is an example of this)

artificial selection

creates diversity by deciding who mates with who which is influenced by breading of domesticated organisms (dogs,cats,etc) —this is when humans choose the selection

Humans variation

Have a lot of genetic diversity, more within than between

what is a mutable social category?

Race

great chain of being

scala nature

what did Aristotle think about people?

thought certain people were rulers and others were meant to be slaves

what did ancient romans think about people?

divided them into 3 groups

• civilized people

• barbarians

• monstrous individuals

Who influenced scientififc revelolution and what were their thoughts on people

Caralous Linnaeus

• grouped humans with other primates

• classified humans into 4 groups based on skin color and behaviors, europeans were at the top and dark skin was at the bottom

Who proposed that “original” human cranium was “caucasian” ?

John Fredrich Blumenbach

• he classified humans into 5 races based on skull shapes

“othering”

establish division between us and them

Scientific racism

Use of scientific methods to justify racial hierarchy

Sammual Morton associated skull trait/physical characteristics with what?

behaviors/intellgience

Biological Determination

Belief that a persons characteristics/ behaviors are determined by biological makeup

eugenics

selective breeding of human populations that are influenced by immigration, mixing and segregation laws

Race is NOT ____________

biological category

• race categories are flawed/ bad science

Human genetic variation decreases as _________________________

Racial categories are inconsistant with human variation

What happens to genetic variation as population moves away from africa

decreases

what type of spectrum do differences occur on

gradient

• more commonalities along people than differences

what is speciation

a process

speciation definition

process by which the interaction between the 4 mechanisms of evolution produces new species

what is adaptive radiation

rapid expansion/ diversification of life forms into new niches

whats a nich

what you are doing to survive/ reproduce

habitat

where you are —usually works through inital photogenic diversity due to relaxed selction

species

set of organisms similar to each other

Biological species concept

species

ecological species concept

• reproductive isolation NOT necessary

• relies on the concept that hybrids have less fitness

allopatric speciation

• genetic isolation

• combination of reproductive isolation/ natural selection

parapatric speciation

• partial isolation

• reproductively isolated

• maintained due to behavior/morphological traits the reduce gene flow

sympatric speciation

• no geographical isolation

• genetic mutation or specialization to distinct niches

barriers of hybridization

• geographical

• temporal incompatibility

• behavioral incompatibility

• functional incompatibility

• mate recognition

• gametic incompatibility

• hybrid sterility/incompatibility

• reduced hybrid fitness

why is phylogenetic important?

helps us understand how species evolved

phylogenetic

study of how different species are related through evolution

traits are shared due to…

ancestry (homology) or convergence (homoplasy)

cladistics

methods used to classify organisms based on shared evolutional history

what is an outgroup

know it came for earlier so know what ancestral trait would be

is diagnosing primates hard or easy?

Hard

• because they’re ancestral

modern terms of primates

• american monkeys

• african monkeys

• asian monkeys

modern view of primate phylogency

clades

• clades are based on evolutionary relationships

primates limbs/locomotion

• generalized skeleton

• upright posture

• flexible

primates hands/feet

• adapted for grasping

• opposable thumb

• nails not claws

• 5 digits

primates senses/brain

• increased complexity of brain

• more reliant on vision, less on smell

• orbital convergence— postorbital bar (form of protection)

Reasons for large brain

• diet

• increased social complexity

primates eyes

• dural- normal eyes nocturnal- huge eyes

• primates have forward facing eyes

• trichromatic color vision (cone receptors)