Exam #1 content

what does it mean to be human?

anthropology

types of anthropology

-linguistic

-social

-archaeology

-biological

neontology

present

paleontology

past

What are humans?

• animals (have hair, produce things like milk,etc)

• primates (close living relatives

• apes (the primate group that humans belong in)

human species name

Homo sapiens (*latin scientific name)

habitual bipeds

what humans are (walk on two feet)

how do humans have complex language

all languages are transmitted from social learning

dimorphism

trait that occurs in distinct forms between members of same species

humans have ______ sexual dimorphism compared to other species

reduced

how do humans teeth compare to other species

small specifically with the canine

humans brain compared to other species

enlarged - largest brain among living primates

preocial/altricial

scale of development

• humans have a slow pace of development compared to other mammals they take longer to be dependent

what does humans having full opposable thumbs allow them to do

go in different directs, have longer thumbs which allows grasp and strength

humans are sweaty apes

• have less hair

• more sweat glands

where evolution occurs

population levels not individuals

evolution

change in heritable characteristics over generations (of biological populations)

• can go in many directions and change depending on environmental context

evolution is NOT

• linear

• progressive

• pre determined

• ladder with humans on top

Biocultural

for humans this is what evolution is

• our biology influences our culture (vise versa)

History of evolution

Charles Darwin ( people before him had ideas about evolution)

Natural selection

differential reproduction success based on variation of traits (overtime this is what leads to changes in species)

What is needed for natural selection to occur?

• Variation

• Inheritance of trait

• differential reproductive success

3 modes of selection

1. Stabilizing

2. Directional

3. Disruptive

Disruptive selection

Both extremes of trait have more reproductive success

Directional selection

one extreme of trait has more reproductive success

Stabilizing selection

average traits have more reproductive success

Major problem for Darwin/ Wallace

The exact mechanisms for inheritance were not known yet

Somatic cells

Makeup up tissues and their diploid

Gametic cells

Reproductive ( sperm cells)

Difference between DNA and RNA

DNA is double stranded and its bases are A←>TC←>G RNA is single stranded, has U not T, A←> U

Replication

Double strand unzips, nucleotides attach to free bases, stands separate completely leaving only 1 strand

Mitosis

Growth/repair (somatic cells) results in two indentical daughter cells (dipolid)

meiosis

gamete production (sex cells) (haploid) only one from each parent is passed on to offspring

Protein synthesis

• Transcription

• Translation

Transcription

Synthesis of mRNA (messenger) from DNA template

Translation

Amino acid sequence (protein) from mRNA

DNA»RNA»protein

What is the process of transcription

1. DNA dentures

2. mRNA molecules built, adding free floating RNA to strand of DNA

3. mRNA strand then breaks away/ DNA zips back up

*occurs in the cell nucleus