GECUS Reviewer by Thamia Lianne

Vocabulary flashcards generated from the provided lecture notes covering philosophy, sociology, psychology, gender concepts, and developmental theories.

Metaphysics

The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of reality and existence.

Epistemology

The branch of philosophy that studies knowledge.

Phenomenology

The philosophical study of our conscious experience and how things appear to us from our own perspective.

Existentialism

A philosophical approach focusing on existence, freedom, choice, responsibility, and purpose.

Tabula Rasa

A Latin term meaning blank slate, referring to the belief that human beings are born without built-in mental content.

David Hume

A Scottish philosopher known for his ideas about empiricism, skepticism, and the self, who believed knowledge comes largely from experience and perception.

Sociology

The systematic study of society, social relationships, social groups, institutions, and human behavior in society.

Anthropology

The study of human beings, their cultures, societies, origins, development, and ways of life.

Psychology

The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes.

Social & Relational Philosophy

A philosophical perspective that views the self as connected to other people and society, developing through relationships and interactions.

Theory

A set of related assumptions that help explain something.

John Locke

An English philosopher who made important contributions to epistemology and ideas about the human mind and identity.

Bundle Theory of the Self

David Hume's theory arguing that there is no permanent, unchanging self and that our mental state changes from time to time.

Fleeting Perceptions

Experiences or mental states (such as heat, cold, love, hatred, pain, and pleasure) that come and go and change over time.

Edmund Husserl

A German philosopher widely regarded as the father of phenomenology.

Søren Kierkegaard

A Danish philosopher known as the father of existentialism.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis who proposed that human behavior is strongly influenced by the unconscious mind.

René Descartes

A French philosopher and mathematician who argued that the act of doubting required thought, proving existence through the phrase 'I think, therefore I am'.

Trephination

The oldest known surgical procedure where a hole is scraped, cut, or drilled into the skull.

Lobotomy

A historical brain surgery in which connections involving the brain's frontal lobes were intentionally disrupted to alter severe mental or behavioral symptoms.

Beliefs

What individuals or groups consider true or important.

Values

What individuals or groups consider right, wrong, or meaningful.

Behaviors

How individuals act.

Identity

How individuals understand and define themselves.

Deviance

Behavior, beliefs, or actions that violate or go against the norms or expectations of a particular society or group.

Gender

A socially constructed role considered as a spectrum, referring to social and cultural roles, expectations, and identities.

Gender Identity

A person's internal sense or personal understanding of their own gender.

Adolescent Growth Spurt

A rapid increase in height, weight, muscle, and bone growth that occurs during puberty.

Sex

Biological characteristics, such as chromosomes and reproductive features.

Cisgender

A category describing individuals whose gender identity matches their biological sex.

Transgender

A term described in the context as crossdresser without undergoing surgery.

Non-binary

People who do not fit into traditional binary gender categories.

Transsexual

Individuals who undergo sexual reassignment.

Sexual Orientation

Refers to who an individual is attracted to.

Spermatogenesis

The biological process in which sperm is created.

Estradiol

A prominent female sex hormone present in male bodies produced through the aromatase enzyme converting testosterone.

Azoospermia

A condition where semen lacks a sperm count in the ejaculate, commonly experienced by people with Klinefelter syndrome.

Klinefelter Syndrome

A genetic condition in which a male typically has an extra X chromosome, commonly written as $47,XXY$.

Hypotonia

A symptom of Klinefelter syndrome characterized by a loss of muscle tone.

Apartheid

A word meaning separated, referring to a form of racial discrimination where one race is viewed as less than another, resulting in legal separation.

Nelson Mandela

The first Black President of South Africa, serving from May 10, 1994 to 1999.

Discrimination

Making unjustified distinctions related to characteristics like race, gender, age, religion, disability, or sexual orientation.

Genocide

Actions regarding recognizing someone as different to the point where they are degraded and treated inhumanly.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder that leads to compulsory behaviors and consequences such as amenorrhea.

Amenorrhea

The absence of menstrual periods, acting as a common physical consequence of anorexia nervosa.

Compulsory Behavior

Actions such as using laxatives, over-exercising, or lack of proper diet used by individuals with anorexia to control weight and reduce anxiety.

Conditions of Worth

The practice of treating sex or acceptance as a requirement.

Erogenous Zone

A pleasure zone on the body where an individual experiences satisfaction.

Repression

A defense mechanism involving unconsciously burying unwanted thoughts or traumatic experiences.

Suppression

A defense mechanism involving consciously burying unwanted thoughts.

Reaction Formation

A defense mechanism characterized by acting in a way opposite to one's true feelings.

Displacement

A defense mechanism where an angry person transfers feelings onto a safer substitute object.

Fixation

Being stuck in a particular stage of development because of an unresolved conflict or unmet need.

Regression

A defense mechanism where an individual returns to an earlier stage of development characterized by childish behavior.

Projection

A defense mechanism where an individual transfers their own unwanted desires or thoughts onto another person.

Introjection

A defense mechanism involving the adoption or internalizing of good qualities and positive thoughts.

Sublimation

A defense mechanism where an individual redirects unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable behavior.

Id

The component of Freud's levels of mental life operating on the pleasure principle.

Ego

The component of mental life operating on the reality principle, adapting to real-world demands and managing conflict between Id and Superego.

Superego

The component of mental life operating on moral principles, conscience, and guilt.

Syntonic

A pleasurable, harmonious, and beneficial polarity in Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages.

Dystonic

A disruptive, destructive, and harmful polarity in Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages.

Maladaptation

A state resulting from an unresolved tension or extreme imbalance toward either the syntonic or dystonic polarity.

Narrow Virtuosity

A core pathology associated with the School Age stage of Erikson's model where an individual becomes good at only one thing.