Review Flashcards on Goiter, Hernias, Mediastinum, Diverticulum, Hirschsprung's, Pericarditis, and Esophageal Stricture

Flashcards for reviewing key concepts related to thyrotoxic goiter, diaphragmatic hernias, mediastinum anatomy and tumors, Zenker’s diverticulum, Hirschsprung’s disease, pericarditis, and post-burn stricture of the esophagus.

Diffuse thyrotoxic goiter (Graves' disease)

A genetically determined autoimmune disease caused by an increase in thyroid hormones, resulting in functional disorder of different organs and systems.

Triad of symptoms in Diffuse Toxic Goiter (DTG)

Increase in thyroid gland size, exophthalmia, and tachycardia.

Symptom Stelbag

Rare blinking

Symptom Grefe/lid lag

Lagging of the upper eyelid on downward gaze, revealing a white band of sclera.

Symptom Kocher

Analogous to Symptom Grefe, but with upward gaze, revealing a white band of sclera between the lower eyelid and iris.

Symptom Dalrimply

Exophthalmia

Symptom Mebiusa

Loss of capability to fix glance on near sight object.

Symptom Ellinec

Pigmentation around eyes.

Mild thyrotoxicosis

Heart beat 80-100/mm, no fibrillation, abrupt weight loss, weak hand tremor.

Medium thyrotoxicosis

Heart beat 100-120/mm, increase in pulse pressure, 20% weight loss, considerable tremor.

Serious thyrotoxicosis

Heart beat more than 120/mm, fibrillation, thyrotoxic psychosis, cachexia.

Antithyroid drugs

Carbimazole & Propylthiouracil.

Diaphragmatic hernia

Displacement of abdominal organs into the thoracic cavity through congenital or acquired defects.

False hernia

Does not contain a hernial sac.

True hernia

Contains a hernial sac which covers the hernial content.

Morgagni’s hernia

Parasternal hernia / anterior diaphragmatic hernia.

Bochdalek’s hernia

Posterior-lateral diaphragmatic hernia.

Oesophagal hernia

Axial hernia/sliding hernia or paraoesophagal hernia.

Mediastinum

Interpleural space between the sternum and vertebral column, containing thoracic viscera except the lungs.

Divisions of the mediastinum

Superior, anterior, middle, and posterior.

Mediastinum Tumor Types

Neurogennic, Mesenchymal, Lymphoidic, Disembrogenic, Thyoma.

Congenital mediastinal cysts

Pericardial, enteric, bronchogenic, thymic.

Zenker’s diverticulum

Esophageal pulsion diverticula, protruding posteriorly above the cricopharyngeal sphincter.

Symptoms of Zenker’s diverticulum

Dysphagia, gurgling on swallowing, regurgitation of undigested food, halitosis.

Dohlman’s procedure

Endoscopic division of the bar of tissue including m.cricopharyngues that lies between oesophagus and diverticulum.

Hirschsprung’s disease

Congenital disorder characterized by the absence of ganglion cells in the Auerbach and Meissner plexuses in the large intestine.

Symptoms of Hirschsprung’s disease

Delayed passage of meconium, chronic constipation, abdominal distention, bilious vomiting.

Radiological findings in Hirschsprung’s disease

Narrow distal bowel and dilated proximal bowel with transition zone.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the visceral and parietal layers of the pericardium.

Types of Acute Pericarditis

Fibrinous, serous, purulent/suppurative.

Symptoms of Pericarditis

Precordial chest pain, dyspnea, cough, pericardial friction rub.

Types of Chronic Pericarditis

Exudative and constrictive.

Symptoms of Post-Burn Esophageal Stricture

Dysphagia, odynophagia, chronic cough secondary to aspiration.