PSYCH125 Principles of Psychology - Exam 2 Study Guide

Comprehensive question-and-answer flashcards covering all terms and concepts from Professor Petok's PSYCH125 Exam 2 Study Guide.

What two forms of amnesia are highlighted in the memory study guide, and which famous patient case exemplifies memory impairment?

Retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia, exemplified by the case of Clive Wearing.

What are the two forms of sensory memory listed under kinds of memory?

Iconic memory and echoic memory.

How is long-term memory subdivided according to the study guide?

Into explicit memory (including semantic and episodic memory) and implicit memory (including procedural memory and priming).

What classic multi-stage model represents the operations and functions of memory?

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model.

What concepts and techniques are associated with memory encoding in the study guide?

Semantic encoding, visual imagery, levels of processing, context-dependent encoding, automatic vs. effortful processing, and elaborative rehearsal.

What mnemonic devices and effective study strategies are listed in Topic 7?

Mnemonic devices include chunking and rehearsal; effective study strategies include the spacing effect, overlearning, and self-reference.

What patient case study is referenced regarding brain localization and spared versus impaired memory functions?

Patient H.M.

Which memory failures are classified as 'sins of omission' versus 'sins of commission'?

Sins of omission include absent-mindedness, transience, and blocking. Sins of commission include persistence, bias, suggestibility, and misattribution.

What concepts are listed regarding memory failures, retrieval issues, and reconstruction?

Encoding failure, flashbulb memory, tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon, eyewitness misidentification, and false memory.

Which brain regions are specifically noted as playing roles in the social brain hypothesis?

The amygdala and the VMPFC (ventromedial prefrontal cortex).

What decision-making model and problem-solving approaches are identified in Topic 9 (Thought)?

Rational Choice Theory, heuristics, and algorithms.

What specific heuristics, biases, and fallacies are listed under prediction ('Mapping the Future')?

Availability, representativeness, hindsight, base-rate neglect, conjunction fallacy, gambler’s fallacy, and anchoring.

What theory examines valuation, framing effects (gain vs. loss frame), and risk-taking?

Prospect Theory.

What obstacle to creativity and problem solving is highlighted alongside well-defined and ill-defined problems?

Functional fixedness.

What are the four core components of classical conditioning?

Unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UR), conditioned stimulus (CS), and conditioned response (CR).

What basic principles and classic cases of classical conditioning are outlined in the guide?

Principles: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, discrimination, second-order conditioning, and biological preparedness. Cases: Pavlov and Little Albert.

What are the four types of consequences in operant conditioning, and what foundational law governs them?

Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, positive punishment, and negative punishment, governed by the Law of Effect.

What four schedules of reinforcement and what behavioral training technique are listed under operant conditioning?

Fixed-Interval, Variable-Interval, Fixed-Ratio, and Variable-Ratio schedules, along with shaping.

What are Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development and their associated concepts in the guide?

Sensorimotor (habituation procedure, object permanence), Preoperational Stage (theory of mind, egocentrism), Concrete Operational Stage (conservation), and Formal Operational Stage.

What concepts are emphasized under Vygotsky and social/attachment development?

Vygotsky: joint attention, social referencing, and imitation. Attachment: Harlow’s monkeys, the Strange Situation, and temperaments.

Which brain structures are noted under emerging adolescent brain development?

The amygdala and the PFC (prefrontal cortex).

What hypothesis examines the relationship between thought and language?

The linguistic relativity hypothesis.

What structural units, grammatical concepts, and acquisition milestones are identified for language?

Structure: phonemes, morphemes, syntax, semantics, words, sentences, generativity, and deep vs. surface structure grammar. Milestones: distinguishing speech sounds, parsing, babbling, learning words, fast mapping, telegraphic speech, and emergence of grammar.

What theories, critical period case, and brain areas are linked to language origins and processing?

Theories: Behaviorism vs. Chomsky’s biological/interactionist approach; Critical Period case: Genie; Brain areas: Broca's area and Wernicke’s area.

What major theories of intelligence are outlined in the study guide?

Spearman’s two-factor theory of intelligence, Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities, and Sternberg’s practical, creative, and analytical intelligence.

What correlates and biological bases of intelligence are listed in Topic 13?

Response speed, working memory, SAT/ACT performance, and brain size.

What genetic and environmental factors in intelligence are identified in the guide?

Genetics: fraternal vs. identical twins; Environment: expectations, stereotype threat, and the range of reaction.

What concepts are outlined under measuring intelligence in Topic 13?

Fluid vs. crystallized intelligence, Ratio IQ vs. Deviation IQ, and cultural biases.