Teori Behavioristik (Behavioristic Theory)

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the core concepts of Behavioristic Theory, including Pavlovian classical conditioning, Skinner's operant conditioning, the Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence model, reinforcement and punishment types, and reinforcement schedules.

Teori Belajar Behavioristik (Behavioristic Learning Theory)

A learning theory aimed at understanding human behavior using an objective, mechanistic, and materialistic approach, positing that changes in an individual's behavior can be achieved through conditioning.

Key Figures of Behaviorism (Tokoh Teori Behavioristik)

The four central theorists identified in the lecture: Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, Edward L. Thorndike, and John R. Watson.

Classic Conditioning

A learning process discovered by Ivan Pavlov through experiments on dogs, in which an unconditioned stimulus and a neutral stimulus are repeatedly paired with a conditioned stimulus to elicit a desired reaction.

Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

The disappearance of a conditional reflex when the conditioned stimulus (conditional stimulus) is no longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus (Pavlov, in Hergenhahn & Henley, 2014).

Generalization (Classical Conditioning)

The occurrence of a conditioned response when a stimulus similar to the original conditioned stimulus is presented.

Differentiation (Classical Conditioning)

The condition achieved when the subject (e.g., Pavlov's dog) is able to distinguish between different presented stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

A learning framework developed by B.F. Skinner where the fundamental key is the immediate reinforcement of a response.

Antecedent (A)

The environment or situational context in which a specific behavior occurs in Skinner's three-term contingency.

Behavior (B)

The action performed by an individual without external interference in Skinner's three-term contingency.

Consequence (C)

The outcome or effect obtained as a result of the behavior performed in that specific case.

Operant Discrimination

The consequence of an individual's history of differential reinforcement across specific environmental elements; Skinner claimed discrimination is not an inherent ability, but a consequence of reinforcement history.

Stimulus Generalization (Operant Conditioning)

Responding to a similar environmental stimulus without having received prior reinforcement for that specific situation.

Positive Reinforcement

The addition of a positive or pleasant stimulus to a situation that increases the probability that a particular behavior will occur (e.g., praising a student for answering correctly, or being taken out to dinner for all-A's).

Negative Reinforcement

The subtraction or removal of an unpleasant or negative stimulus from a situation that increases the probability that the behavior will occur (e.g., studying harder to avoid teacher reprimands, or doing yoga to reduce anxiety).

Positive Punishment

The presentation or addition of an unpleasant or negative stimulus to decrease the frequency of an unwanted behavior (e.g., scolding a misbehaving child, or receiving a speeding ticket).

Negative Punishment

The removal or subtraction of a pleasant or positive stimulus to decrease the occurrence of a behavior (e.g., confiscating a child's phone for not doing homework or defying curfew).

Intermittent Schedule of Reinforcement

A schedule where responses are reinforced periodically rather than continuously; noted by Skinner as being more efficient than continuous reinforcement.

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule

A schedule where reinforcement is provided after a fixed, specific number of responses (e.g., a worker paid after producing 10 items); characterized by a rapid response rate typically followed by a brief pause after reinforcement.

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

A schedule where reinforcement is provided after an unpredictable, varying number of responses around a fixed average (e.g., a slot machine); characterized by very high response rates that are highly resistant to extinction.

Fixed-Interval (FI) Schedule

A schedule where reinforcement is provided after a fixed time interval, reinforcing the first response after the interval ends (e.g., weekly grading); characterized by response rates increasing sharply toward the end of the interval (scallop pattern).

Variable-Interval (VI) Schedule

A schedule where reinforcement is delivered after varying time intervals around a constant average (e.g., checking email); characterized by a stable response rate, moderate speed, and high resistance to extinction.