High risk pregnancy

Excessive accumulation of fluid in the pregnant uterus is known as _______

hydrops

what are the two types of hydrops

• hydrops allantois

• hydrops amnion

hydrops allantois is caused by ___________

defective placental function

in large animal often _________ is associated with IVF/SCNT

hydrops allantois

Hydrops amnion is caused by _____________

fetal swallowing defects

A rapid accumulation of fluid in the pregnant uterus is most likely hydrops _________ while a slow accumulation is most likely hydrops ________

• allantois

• amnion

What are clinical signs of hydrops allantois

• fluid wave across the abdomen

• distended uterine wall

Generally uterine torsion can cause what problems to the reproductive tract

• ischemia

• edema

To diagnose uterine torsion _________ is the primary method

rectal palpation

Which species commonly has vaginal involvement with a uterine torsion

cattle

If a cervical/vaginal torsion is evident in this species the prognosis of the uterine torsion is typically bad

horses

Typically in the cow uterine torsion occurs ___________ while in horses torsion happens __________

• at calving

• late in gestation

Unlike in horses the cows uterus is attached at the __________ instead of suspended as high as the horse

pelvis

A horse with intermittent unresponsive colic is typical for what disease process

uterine torsion

A cow failing to progress in calving with obvious vaginal torsion and subtle rectal band obstruction is typical for what disease process

uterine torsion

rupture of tendinous attachments of rectus abdominis and oblique muscles to pubis is known as what?

prepubic tendon rupture

Prepubic tendon rupture occurs exclusively in ________

late gestation

What is commonly associated causes of prepubic tendon rupture

• twins

• hydrops

• fetal giantism

Diagnosis of prepubic tendon rupture requires what clinical signs

• ventral distension

• edema

• palpation of disrupted tendon

What are causes of prolonged gestation

defective HPA axis

A Holstein calf born from a prolonged gestation will have what problems?

• large

• overgrown hooves

• non functional adrenals

A gurnsey calf born from prolonged gestation will have what problems

• pituitary agenesis

• small

• severe craniofacial deformities

a premature decline in progesterone leading to pregnancy loss is called?

hypoluteoidisim

progesterone greater than ____ is needed to maintain pregnancy

2

Before you can diagnose hypoluteoidism you must rule out ________________

other infections like brucella canis

Hypoluteoidism occurs due to dogs fialure to compete a _________ and reliance on the __________

• leuteo placental shift

• corpus luteum

what are the two types of pregnancy toxemia commonly seen in goats

• obesity type

• starvation type

Generally pregnancy toxemia occurs due to __________ leading to ___________

• negative energy balance

• hyperketonemia

Best way to diagnose pregnancy toxemia in goats is through what?

• Blood BHB

• blood glucose

• urine ketone dipstick

A blood BHD over ____ is indicative of pregnancy toxemia

3

what type of pregnancy toxemia is common in pet goats

obesity type

What are the 3 stages of pregnancy toxemia

• stage 1

• stage 2

• stage 3

• decreased appetitie

• anorexic, blindness, star gazing

• obtunded and dead fetus

uterine torsion over _____ is where vascular compromise occurs

180 degrees

what diagnostics would help you determine if a dog has hypoluteodisim

• serial progesterone

• fetal ultrasound

• brucella canis serology