SLP 481A Chapter 7 낱말 카드

What is hearing loss and what does DHH stand for?

Hearing loss is reduced ability to detect sounds; DHH means deaf or hard of hearing

What is conductive hearing loss and what causes it?

Hearing loss involving the outer or middle ear caused by problems such as otitis media; fluid buildup; or a perforated eardrum

Is conductive hearing loss usually permanent?

No; it is typically temporary and medically treatable but fluctuating hearing can affect language development

What is sensorineural hearing loss and what causes it?

Usually permanent hearing loss involving damage to the inner ear or auditory nerve caused by genetic conditions; birth defects; prematurity; or infections

What is mixed hearing loss?

Hearing loss involving both conductive and sensorineural components; the sensorineural component may be permanent

What is otitis media?

Middle ear infection or inflammation that may cause fluid buildup and temporary conductive hearing loss

How common is otitis media and why is it concerning?

About three out of four children experience it by age 3; recurrent episodes can cause inconsistent auditory access

What does Hertz measure?

Sound frequency or pitch; audiometry commonly tests 250 to 8000 Hz

What does decibel measure?

Sound intensity or loudness; hearing thresholds are measured in dB

What are examples of low and high frequency speech sounds?

The vowel oo is low frequency while the consonant s is high frequency

What is a hearing threshold?

The softest sound level a person can detect at a particular frequency

What are the degrees of hearing loss in children?

Normal -10 to 15 dB; slight 16 to 25; mild 26 to 40; moderate 41 to 55; moderately severe 56 to 70; severe 71 to 90; profound 91 or greater

What is the difference between unilateral and bilateral hearing loss?

Unilateral affects one ear while bilateral affects both ears

What is auditory processing disorder?

Difficulty processing and interpreting auditory information in the central nervous system despite potentially normal hearing sensitivity

What difficulties are associated with APD?

Difficulty listening in noise; auditory memory; attention; reading; spelling; and speech decoding

Do hearing aids typically correct APD?

No; APD involves auditory processing rather than reduced hearing sensitivity

What is auditory neuropathy or dys-synchrony?

Disrupted transmission of auditory signals from the cochlea toward the brain

What is signal to noise ratio and why is it important?

The level of desired speech compared with background noise; a better ratio improves speech understanding

What language difficulties may occur without early intervention for hearing loss?

Delays in vocabulary; grammar; speech production; pragmatics; literacy; and cognitive development

How can hearing loss affect speech production?

Reduced auditory feedback can cause articulation errors; vowel and consonant errors; and reduced intelligibility

How can hearing loss affect semantics and morphosyntax?

Limited vocabulary; difficulty with figurative language; omitted grammatical endings; and fewer complex sentences

How can hearing loss affect pragmatics and literacy?

Difficulty with conversation and repair; phonological awareness; reading comprehension; spelling; and writing

Why is auditory self monitoring important?

Hearing one's own speech provides feedback needed to maintain babbling and develop speech production

What factors influence language outcomes for children with hearing loss?

Age of onset; age of identification; severity; language exposure; family involvement; intervention; and additional conditions

Why is universal newborn hearing screening important?

It identifies possible hearing loss soon after birth so early intervention and language access can begin

What is auditory neuroplasticity?

The ability of auditory brain pathways to develop and reorganize in response to sound stimulation

What is the sensitive period for maximal auditory plasticity described in the chapter?

Approximately the first 3.5 years during complete auditory deprivation

What is hearing age?

The amount of time a child has had meaningful access to sound

What is a cochlear implant and how does it work?

A surgically implanted device that processes sound and electrically stimulates auditory nerve fibers through cochlear electrodes

How do hearing aids differ from cochlear implants?

Hearing aids amplify sound while cochlear implants electrically stimulate auditory nerve fibers

What impact can early cochlear implantation have on language?

Early auditory access and intervention may support spoken language and literacy development comparable to hearing peers

Does a cochlear implant restore normal hearing?

No; it provides sound access but does not guarantee typical hearing or language outcomes

What is Deaf culture?

A community sharing language; identity; traditions; values; and experiences related to deafness

What are the major values of Deaf culture?

American Sign Language; pride in Deaf identity; community; storytelling; shared heritage; and cultural traditions

How may Deaf culture view deafness?

As a cultural and linguistic identity rather than a disorder that must be fixed

What is the bilingual bicultural approach?

Using ASL as a primary language and learning written English as an additional language

What is audism?

Discrimination or attitudes that treat hearing people or hearing abilities as superior

What are examples of audism?

Failing to provide captions; assuming deafness must be fixed; or withholding communication options

What is listening and spoken language intervention?

An approach developing spoken language primarily through listening and meaningful auditory experiences

What is total communication?

An approach combining spoken language with signs and visual communication strategies

How does total communication differ from ASL bilingual bicultural education?

Total communication combines speech and signs while bilingual bicultural education emphasizes ASL and written English

What should families consider when choosing a communication modality?

Early identification; cultural values; accessible language; technology; family goals; resources; and educational options

What should families consider when choosing sign language versus spoken language?

Sign language requires fluent signing input while spoken language requires consistent hearing technology and rich auditory experiences

What role do families play in intervention for children with hearing loss?

Families are primary language partners who provide accessible communication and practice during everyday routines

How can classroom acoustics be improved?

Reduce background noise; use carpets or chair pads; limit competing conversations; and improve access to the teacher's voice

What classroom strategies help students with hearing loss?

Face the class; provide visual schedules and written directions; preteach material; and encourage clarification requests

What is a classroom soundfield system and what does it do?

A system that distributes the teacher's amplified voice through classroom speakers to improve audibility throughout the room

What is a personal FM or remote microphone system?

A system that transmits the teacher's voice directly to an individual student's hearing device or receiver

How do soundfield and personal FM systems differ?

Soundfield distributes the teacher's voice throughout the room while personal FM delivers it directly to an individual listener

What is the Ling Ten Sound Test?

A test checking whether a child can detect or identify ten sounds across the speech frequency range

What are the ten Ling sounds?

M; ah; oo; ee; sh; s; n; z; j; and h

Why should auditory access be checked before assessment or therapy?

To ensure the child can hear speech sounds and device problems are not mistaken for language difficulties

What are CASLLS and the SKI HI Language Development Scale?

Tools for assessing developmental language abilities and monitoring progress in children with hearing loss

What are learning to listen sounds?

Sounds paired with meaningful objects or actions such as moo for a cow

What is acoustic highlighting?

Making important speech sounds easier to hear through slower rate; increased pitch; or stronger contrast

What is a listening sandwich?

Presenting an auditory cue followed by visual support and then repeating the auditory cue

What is a language experience book?

A book using pictures and descriptions of real experiences to support language and literacy

What is the major lesson from Katie's case study?

A child may score within normal limits on standardized tests but still struggle with classroom listening due to poor acoustics and auditory demands

What is the major lesson from Mary's case study?

Inconsistent amplification and poor auditory access can contribute to language errors even beyond expectations for hearing age

What is the main goal of family centered intervention for children with hearing loss?

To provide consistent accessible language through informed family choices; professional collaboration; and meaningful daily communication