Intro to the Skeletal System

Functions of the skeletal system

1) support the body 2) protection of the soft organs 3) movement due to attached skeletal muscles 4) storage of minerals (Ca & P) and fats 5) hematopoiesis-formation of cells of the blood

Types of Bone Tissue- dense, hard outer layer of bone

compact bone

Types of Bone Tissue- porous; has small needle-like pieces of bone (trabeculae)

spongy bone

Types of Bone Tissue- soft, gelatinous tissue found in hollow spaces in a bone

bone marrow

how can bones be classified

shape

long bones contain what type of tissue?

compact bone, ex. femur

what’s the classification of short bones & what are they made of

cube-shaped, spongy bone, ex. carpals

examples of flat bones

skull, ribs, sternum

how are irregular bones shaped?

irregular shape, ex. vertebrae

gross anatomy of long bone-epiphysis

the knobby ends of the bone

whatś epiphysis composed mostly of and what does it have

spongy bone, red bone marrow

gross anatomy of long bone-spongy bone

porous, filled with red bone marrow

whats the epiphyseal plate

growth plate

gross anatomy of long bone-articular cartilage

thin sheet of hyaline cartilage that covers the epiphysis

what does articular cartilage do in a long bone

reduces friction as bones move

gross anatomy of long bone-diaphysis

is the shaft of the bone

gross anatomy of long bone-diaphysis contained a space called

medullary cavity

medullary cavity

contains red marrow in infants, changes to yellow marrow as adults

what does yellow marrow contain

adipocytes (fat cell storage)

what does red marrow make

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets (forms clots in the blood)

periosteum

outside covering of the diaphysis, fibrous connective tissue, vascular & rich w/ nerves

nutrient foramen

a small hole for blood vessels to enter/exit

study (i will quiz you in the upcoming sildes)

study (i will quiz you in the upcoming sildes)

what´s number one?

proximal epiphysis

whatś 2

endosteum

whatś 3

yellow marrow

whatś 4

disaphysis

5?

distal epiphysis

6?

articular cartilage

7?

spongy bone

8?

epiphyseal plate

9

red marrow

10

medullary cavity

11?

compact bone

12

nutrient foramen

13

periosteum

what are bone markings?

usually sites for tendons & ligaments to attach or a passageway for nerves or vessels.

what can the bone markings look like

bumps, depressions, holes, curves, etc

what are the 2 categories of bone markings

projections (processes) and depressions (cavities)

projections for ligament & muscle attachment-crest

narrow ridge of bone

projections for ligament & muscle attachment-epicondyle

raised area on or above a condyle

projections for ligament & muscle attachment-tuberosity

large rounded or roughened projection

projections for ligament & muscle attachment-trochanter

very large, blunt projection (only on femur)

projections that help to form joints- condyle

rounded articular projection

projections that help to form joints-head

bony expansion on a narrow neck

projections that help to form joints-facet

smooth nearly flat articular

projections that help to form joints- ramus

armlike bar of bone

Depressions and openings

allow blood vessels or nerves to pass through

Depressions and openings- meatus

a canal or tube

Depressions and openings- sinus

cavity within a bone; filled with air and lined with mucous membranes

Depressions and openings- foramen

round or oval opening

Depressions and openings- fossa

shallow basin

Depressions and openings-fissure

narrow, slit-like opening

Depressions and openings-sulcus, groove

a shallow depression

memory trick

all the terms beginning with T are projections, and the terms beginning with F (expect facet) are depressions

types of bone cells-osteoblasts

cells that form new bone matrix

types of bone cells-osteocytes

adults bone cells that maintain bone structure

types of bone cells-osteoclasts

cells that breakdown bone matrix (releases Ca & P)

compact bone histology-bone matrix

the raw material to build bone, organized fibers of collagen with hardened Ca & P

compact bone histology-osteon

the structural unit within bone matrix (haversian system)

parts of osteon

central (haversian) canal, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi

central (haversian) canal

contains blood & lymphatic vessels + nerves

lamellae

concentric rings of collagen

lacunae

cavities containing osteocytes

canaliculi

tiny canals radiating out of central canal- a transport system to nourish osteocytes

ossification

a process of bone formation

cartilaginous skeleton

(fetus has them) hyaline

endochondral ossification

long bones and most other bones gradually form throughout development and for years after birth

epiphyseal plates

allow for growth of long bones during childhood, new cartilage is formed at the growth plate, cartilage on the diaphysis side changes to bone which elongates the bone