a and p II lab exam learning obj

respiratory system

consists of th enose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

pulmonary ventilation

breathing

external respiration

exchange of gases b/n pulmonary alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries, Across the resp. membrane

internal resp.

exchange b/n systemic capillaries and tissue cells. Blood loses O2 and gains CO2. Metabolic reactions that consume O2 and give off CO2 during the production of ATP are termed cellular resp.

forced expiration

process of intentionally pushing air out of your lungs using muscle contraction, rather letting it leave naturally (passive)

decreases volume of thoracic cavity

Rib cage inward and down

diaphragm upwards

tidal volume

the volume of 1 breath

residual volume

the volume which cannot be measured by spirometry

expiratory reserve volume

The extra 1200 mL in males and 700 mL in females

inspiratory reserve volume

By taking a very deep breath, you can inhale a good deal more than 500 mL. This additional inhaled air, called the

hyperventilation

Rapid and deep breathing, allows the inhalation of more O2 and exhalation of more CO2 until PCO2 and H+ are lowered to normal.

hypoventilation

Slow and shallow breathing

cardiac output

SV x HR

amount of blood ejected from the heart each MINUTE (*either left OR right VENTRICLE)

as body needs more (like with exercise), CO increases

heart rate

equal to number of heartbeats per minute

each 1 heartbeat: I systole (contraction) AND 1 diastole (relaxation) aka Cardiac Cycle

regulated by autonomic NS and Endocrine NS

Stroke Volume

EDV (end diastolic volume) - ESV

amount of blood ejected from 1VENTRICLE during 1 CONTRACTION

echocardiogram, ECG or EKG

measures cardiac cycle length (seconds per heartbeat)

using this, 1 cardiac cycle is described as from p wave to p wave

clinicians measure from r wave to r wave

MRI, magnetic resonance imaging

measures EDV and SDV volumes

produces series of sectional images through body structures

uses powerful field and radio waves to created 2d and 3d images

features and operation of the pulmonary atrioventricular valves

tricuspid and mitral

Lub

opens when pressure falls below atrial pressure (ventricular filling)

closes when ventricular pressure rises above atrial pressure

features and operation of the semilunar valves

aortic and pulmonary

Dub

opens when ventricular pressure rises above arterial pressure (ejection)

closes when arterial pressure rises above ventricular pressure as the ventricle relaxes