HUMAN BIO SEM 2

Somatic gene therapy

occurs in body cells, not inheritable

Germ line therapy

occurs in reproductive organs, inheritable

Antibodies effect on antigens

agglutination, prevent viruses from entering cells, lysis of antigen

Type 2 diabetes

cells unresponsive to insulin/desensitised

Type 2 diabetes symptoms

Thirst, increased urination, fatigue

Type 1 diabetes symptoms

Hunger, blurred vision, fatigue

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism

Heat intolerance, Increased blood pressure, bulging eyeballs, enlarged goitre

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance.

Decreased blood pH cause

Co2 produced in cellular respiration, combined with water to form carbonic acid, breaks down into carbonic & hydrogen ions, decreased blood pH

Sickle cell anaemia symptoms

weakness, thirst, joint pain

Radiocarbon dating process

Amount of C14 in organic matter is fixed at death & decays at a fixed rate, decays to C12 which is measured to determine age of specimen

Carbon-14 time limit

50,000 to 60,000 years

Potassium argon time limit

100,000 to 4.5 billion years

Stratigraphy time limit

no time limit

Action potential steps

Depolarisation, Repolarisation, Refractory period

Antibody mediated immunity

Antigen activates B cells, B cells clone becoming plasma and memory cells

Cell mediated immunity

Antigen presented to T cell on APC, T cells clone becoming Killer T cells, Helper T cells or Suppressor T cells