ABA Cooper Chapter 2 Part 2

ABA Cooper Textbook Chapter 2

Extinction

If reinforcement is withheld for all members of a previously reinforced response class, behavior will gradually decrease in rate to its pre-reinforcement level or cease to occur altogether

Punishment

When a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that results in similar responses occurring less often

Principle of Behavior

Describes a functional relation between behavior and one or more of its controlling variables

-has thorough generality across individual organisms, species, settings, and behaviors

-has empirical generalization inferred from many experiments

-describes how behavior works

-describe basic scientific laws how behavior-environment relations work

What are the few behavior principles?

Reinforcement, punishment, extinction

Unconditioned Reinforcement (Primary Reinforcement)

A stimulus change that can increase future occurrences of behavior without prior pairing with any other form of reinforcement

-ex: Food, water, sexual stimulation

Conditioned Reinforcers and Punishers

Stimulus events or conditions that are present or that occur just before, or simultaneous with, the occurrence of other reinforcers (or punishers) may acquire the ability to reinforce (or punish) behavior when they later occur on their own as consequences

Why do stimulus changes function as reinforcers or punishers?

Because of their prior pairing with other reinforcers or punishers

Ontogeny

The ability to modify behavior is a result of each person’s unique history of interactions with his or her environment

Discriminated Operant

Behavior that occurs more often under some antecedent conditions than it does in others

Three-Term Contingency (ABCs of Behavior Analysis)

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence

Four-Term Contingency Analysis

Takes into account motivation events that make certain stimulus changes momentarily more or less reinforcing

-food deprivation versus fullnessCo

Contingency

Refers to the dependency of a particular consequence on the occurrence of the behavior

-the behavior must be emitted for the consequence to occur

Verbal Behavior

May be the most significant contributor to the complexity of human behavior

-It is often a controlling variable for many other verbal and nonverbal behaviors

Stimulus Equivalence

Shows that under certain conditions learners acquire new skills and verbal relations without direct instruction on those skills and relations

Contingency Adduction

A process whereby a behavior that was initially selected and shaped under one set of conditions is recruited by a different set of contingencies and takes on a new function in the person’s repertoire

-ex: reading simple words becomes reading instructionsJo

Joint Control

Two separate but interrelated forms of a person’s own verbal behavior combine to acquire stimulus control of a response that would not have occurred in the absence of either

Reasons analysis are sometimes prevented from implementing an effective behavior change program

Logistical factors, financial factors, sociopolitical factors, legal factors, ethical factors