Tissues and Integumentary System

PRETEST Q1: Which of the following is a function of epithelial tissues?

control permeability — Epithelia act as selective barriers/gatekeepers.

PRETEST Q2: Which connective tissue type provides insulation?

adipose tissue — Adipose stores lipid, cushions, and provides thermal insulation.

PRETEST Q3: The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the

stratum granulosum. — Keratinization accelerates here; cells flatten and begin to die.

PRETEST Q4: The muscle tissue without striations is ________ muscle.

smooth — Smooth muscle is nonstriated.

PRETEST Q5: Tissue that is specialized for contraction is ________ tissue.

muscle — Muscle tissue is specialized to contract.

PRETEST Q6: Smooth muscle differs from the other two types of muscle tissue because

of its arrangement of actin and myosin filaments. — Smooth muscle lacks sarcomeric alignment, so it has no visible striations.

PRETEST Q7: What is the primary function of any serous membrane?

It minimizes friction between the opposing surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape. — Serous membranes secrete lubricating serous fluid.

PRETEST Q8: Milk production from mammary glands is an example of what type of secretion?

apocrine — Milk fat secretion is classically apocrine; mammary glands are modified sweat glands.

PRETEST Q9: The hypodermis

is highly vascular. — The hypodermis is well vascularized loose/adipose connective tissue.

PRETEST Q10: The lipid in oil glands is released through which type of secretion?

holocrine — Sebaceous cells rupture; the whole cell becomes part of sebum.

PRETEST Q11: Functions of connective tissue include

storage of energy reserves. — Adipose connective tissue stores energy as lipid.

PRETEST Q12: The connective tissue fiber type that can be stretched, and then returns to its original length, is called

elastin. — Elastic fibers stretch and recoil.

PRETEST Q13: Which secretion type, secreted by the parotid salivary glands, is comprised of a watery solution containing enzymes?

serous — Serous secretion is watery and enzyme-rich.

PRETEST Q14: Connective tissue structures that attach muscles to bone are called

tendons. — Tendon = muscle to bone; ligament = bone to bone.

PRETEST Q15: Which of the following is a correct statement about stratified epithelia?

They cover surfaces that are subjected to mechanical or chemical stress. — Multiple layers protect against abrasion/stress.

PRETEST Q16: The muscle tissue that contains intercalated discs is ________ muscle.

cardiac — Intercalated discs are unique to cardiac muscle.

PRETEST Q17: The most diverse tissues of the body are

connective tissues. — Connective tissue is the most diverse major tissue category.

PRETEST Q18: In albinism, ________ is lacking.

melanin — Albinism causes absent/reduced melanin; lecture links this to lack of tyrosinase.

PRETEST Q19: Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet light

can slowly increase melanocyte activity. — UV stimulates melanin production/activity rather than creating more melanocytes.

PRETEST Q20: The tissue type in the body that stores energy is ________ tissue.

connective — Adipose is a connective tissue.

PRETEST Q21: Which type of epithelium lines the stomach and intestinal tract?

simple columnar — Stomach and intestinal mucosa are simple columnar.

PRETEST Q22: Secretions that are discharged directly into the blood are characteristic of ________ glands.

endocrine — Endocrine glands are ductless and release hormones into interstitial fluid/blood.

PRETEST Q23: Why does damaged cartilage heal slowly?

Cartilage is avascular, so nutrients and other molecules must diffuse to the site of injury. — Poor vascularity is the key reason cartilage heals slowly.

PRETEST Q24: Smooth muscle tissue is known as ________ muscle.

nonstriated involuntary — Smooth muscle is nonstriated and involuntary.

PRETEST Q25: Bone is to ________ as cartilage is to perichondrium.

periosteum — Bone is covered by periosteum; cartilage by perichondrium.

PRETEST Q26: Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis — Superficial to deep order. Strictly, OpenStax notes hypodermis is associated with but not part of skin.

PRETEST Q27: Skeletal muscle is to muscle tissue as bone is to

connective tissue. — Bone is supportive connective tissue.

PRETEST Q28: The muscle tissue that contains very large, multinucleate cells is ________ muscle.

skeletal — Skeletal fibers are very long and multinucleated.

PRETEST Q29: The type of epithelium found lining the trachea is

pseudostratified columnar. — Trachea is lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

PRETEST Q30: Which of the following conditions is the most common form of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma — Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer.

PRETEST Q31: What is the function of melanin?

It protects DNA from the damaging effects of ultraviolet radiation. — Melanin absorbs/shields against UV.

PRETEST Q32: The condition that results from clogged sebaceous glands is

acne. — Sebum + keratin can clog follicles and promote inflammation/infection.

PRETEST Q33: The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the

dermis. — Dermal vessels dilate/constrict for heat loss/conservation.

PRETEST Q34: The walls of each hair follicle contain all the cell layers found in which of the following?

epidermis — Hair follicles are epidermal derivatives; the external root sheath is continuous with epidermis.

PRETEST Q35: Durable intercellular connections that are abundant between cells in the superficial layers of the skin are called

desmosomes. — Desmosomes provide strong cell-to-cell anchoring in epidermis.

PRETEST Q36: The protein that contributes to many of the skin's protective qualities is called ________.

keratin — Keratin gives skin, hair, and nails hardness and water resistance.

PRETEST Q37: The fold of stratum corneum over the base of a nail is called the

cuticle. — Cuticle/eponychium is the fold of stratum corneum over the nail base.

PRETEST Q38: Simple squamous epithelium would be found

lining blood vessels. — Endothelium is simple squamous epithelium.

PRETEST Q39: Melanin serves to protect cells in the deeper layers of the epidermis from ________.

ultraviolet radiation — Melanin protects deeper epidermal cells from UV.

PRETEST Q40: The observed differences in skin color reflect the levels of ________ production.

melanin — Most normal differences in skin color reflect melanin amount/type/distribution.

PRETEST Q41: The type of burn that injures the hypodermis, deeper tissues, and organs is a(n)

third-degree burn. — This pretest expects third-degree/full-thickness. If an actual question explicitly says muscle/bone and offers fourth-degree, choose fourth-degree.

PRETEST Q42: The most common type of cartilage is

hyaline. — Hyaline is the most common cartilage.

PRETEST Q43: The type of epithelium that is found in the exchange surfaces of the lungs is

simple squamous. — Alveoli need a very thin diffusion barrier.

PRETEST Q44: When the arrector pili muscles contract,

"goose bumps" are formed. — Arrector pili are smooth muscles attached to follicles.

PRETEST Q45: A thickened area of scar tissue that is covered by a shiny, smooth epidermal surface is called a(n) ________.

keloid — A keloid is an overgrown raised scar.

PRETEST Q46: Which of the following is a type of connective tissue?

bone tissue — Bone is connective tissue.

PRETEST Q47: The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the

stratum corneum. — Corneum is the outermost exposed epidermal layer.

PRETEST Q48: The skin is sometimes referred to as the

cutaneous membrane. — Skin = cutaneous membrane.

PRETEST Q49: Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?

increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis — Dermal papillae/ridges enlarge and strengthen the dermal-epidermal interface.

PRETEST Q50: Which tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels, and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organs?

smooth muscle — Smooth muscle is in vessel walls and hollow organs.

PRETEST Q51: Which of the following is a term used to describe the number of layers of epithelial cells?

stratified — Stratified describes multiple epithelial layers.

PRETEST Q52: In which type of cell junction are two cells held together by embedded membrane proteins called connexons?

gap junction — Gap-junction channels are formed by connexons.

PRETEST Q53: Epidermal cells synthesize this vitamin when exposed to sunlight.

vitamin D3 — UV initiates vitamin D3 synthesis in epidermis.

PRETEST Q54: Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum

2, 5, 4, 1, 3 — Deep to superficial: basale → spinosum → granulosum → lucidum → corneum.

PRETEST Q55: The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the ________.

stratum basale — Basale/germinativum is the deepest epidermal layer.

PRETEST Q56: The skin is also called the ________ membrane.

cutaneous — Skin is the cutaneous membrane.

PRETEST Q57: The study of tissues is called ________.

histology — Histology = microscopic study of tissues.

PRETEST Q58: Flattened cells on the surface of an epithelial tissue are characteristic of ________ epithelia.

squamous — Squamous = flat, scale-like surface cells.

PRETEST Q59: Merocrine sweat glands

respond primarily to elevated body temperature. — Eccrine/merocrine sweat is central to thermoregulation.

PRETEST Q60: Thick skin can be found on the

palms. — Thick skin is on palms and soles.

PRETEST Q61: The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the

hypodermis or subcutaneous layer. — Hypodermis anchors skin to deeper tissues and contains loose CT/adipose.

PRETEST Q62: The pale crescent area of the nail is called the

lunula. — Lunula = pale crescent at nail base.

PRETEST Q63: Shafts of hair are comprised of

dead keratinized epidermal cells. — Hair shaft is dead keratinized epidermal cells.

PRETEST Q64: The skin may turn orange as a result of ________ buildup.

carotene — Carotene accumulation can produce an orange/yellow hue.

PRETEST Q65: A simple cuboidal epithelium would be found

lining kidney tubules. — Kidney tubules are classic simple cuboidal.

PRETEST Q66: What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?

areolar connective tissue — Papillary dermis is loose areolar CT.

PRETEST Q67: Which is the most logical reason for an elderly person's higher potential to be prone to skin infections, compared to a younger person?

Stem cell activity in the epidermis declines in the elderly. — Reduced mitosis and immune activity make aging skin thinner/slower to repair.

PRETEST Q68: Which of the following is a type of secretion in which cells become packed with secretions and then burst apart and die?

holocrine — Holocrine cells rupture and die as the secretion is released.

PRETEST Q69: Which type of epithelium secretes enzymes and buffers in the pancreas and salivary glands?

simple cuboidal — Glandular secretory tissue/ducts of pancreas and salivary glands commonly use cuboidal epithelium.

PRETEST Q70: Epithelial cells that are adapted for moving material across their apical surface usually have ________.

cilia — Cilia move material along the apical surface.

PRETEST Q71: The nail ________ covers the nail bed.

body — Nail body/plate overlies the nail bed.

PRETEST Q72: Which of the following is a supportive connective tissue?

cartilage — Cartilage and bone are supportive connective tissues.

PRETEST Q73: The most severe type of skin cancer is most likely to develop from

melanocytes. — Melanoma arises from melanocytes and is the most dangerous major skin cancer.

PRETEST Q74: Which of the following is one of the four main types of tissue?

epithelial — The four major tissue types are epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous.

PRETEST Q75: Collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform a specific function are

tissues. — A tissue is a group of specialized cells/cell products performing a common function.

PRETEST Q76: When a person becomes "pale," what is the physiologic basis?

The blood supply to the skin decreases. — Vasoconstriction/reduced dermal flow makes skin look pale.

PRETEST Q77: Which is the least common type of connective tissue fibers?

reticular fibers — Reticular fibers are the least abundant of the three major CT fiber types.

PRETEST Q78: Perspiration that is produced by apocrine sweat glands

is limited to the hair follicles of the axilla, nipples, and groin. — Apocrine sweat glands empty into follicles in restricted regions.

PRETEST Q79: The dermis is composed largely of ________.

dense irregular connective — The reticular dermis is mainly dense irregular CT.

PRETEST Q80: Modified and specialized sweat glands that produce milk are called ________ glands.

mammary — Mammary glands are modified sweat glands.

PRETEST Q81: Which of the following may occur with aging?

more fragile connective tissue — Aging reduces collagen/elastin quality and repair capacity.

PRETEST Q82: A burn that destroys only the superficial cells of the epidermis, such as a mild sunburn, is classified as

first-degree. — First-degree burns involve only epidermis.

PRETEST Q83: Exocrine secretions are discharged onto some external or internal body surface through a(n) ________.

duct — Exocrine secretions reach a surface through ducts.

PRETEST Q84: A small amount of ultraviolet radiation is beneficial because it ________.

stimulates vitamin D3 synthesis in the epidermis — A small amount of UV supports cutaneous vitamin D3 synthesis.

What are the four major tissue types?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous.

Define epithelial tissue.

A surface/lining tissue with a free apical surface and an attached basal surface.

Six core epithelial characteristics

High cellularity; cell junctions; basement membrane; avascular; rapid regeneration; good innervation.

What are the major functions of epithelium?

Protection, selective permeability/transport, secretion, excretion, absorption, lubrication, sensation, reproduction.

How is epithelium classified?

By number of layers (simple/stratified) and apical cell shape (squamous/cuboidal/columnar).

Simple squamous: structure, location, function

One layer of flat cells; alveoli, endothelium, mesothelium, Bowman’s capsule; diffusion/filtration.

Simple cuboidal: structure, location, function

One layer cube-shaped cells with central nuclei; kidney tubules and gland ducts; secretion/absorption.

Simple columnar: structure, location, function

One layer tall cells; stomach/intestine and uterine tubes; secretion/absorption.

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar: key clues

One layer, all cells touch basement membrane, nuclei at different heights; trachea/bronchi; moves mucus.

Stratified squamous: key clues

Many layers, apical cells flattened; protection; skin (keratinized), mouth/esophagus/vaginal (nonkeratinized).

Transitional epithelium: key clues

Stratified tissue whose apical cells change shape with stretch; ureters/bladder.

Endocrine vs exocrine glands

Endocrine: ductless → interstitial fluid/blood. Exocrine: secretion reaches a surface via a duct.

Merocrine secretion

Exocytosis; cell remains intact. Examples: eccrine sweat, salivary glands, pancreas.

Apocrine secretion

Apical portion pinches off with product. Classically mammary lipid secretion; apocrine sweat glands in axilla/groin.

Holocrine secretion

Entire cell ruptures and becomes secretion. Example: sebaceous gland.

Serous vs mucous secretions

Serous = watery/enzyme-rich; mucous = viscous, mucin-rich and lubricating.