Bio Test 1

Purine

Guanine and Adenine are _____ bases

Pyrimidine

Cytosine, Uracil, and Thymine are ____ bases

Polymerization

The process of putting small molecules together in a chain is called:

Nucleotides

The monomers of nucleic acids are called:

Deoxyribose

The sugar of DNA is:

Ribose

The sugar of RNA is:

Nucleotides

These monomers are made of a phosphate group, a small sugar, and a nitrogenous base

Sugar and Phosphate

The bonds between nucleotides form between the ____ and ____ groups of different nucleotides

Phosphodiester Bond

This term is what a bond between a sugar and phosphate group is called in DNA and RNA

Guanine

Cytosine forms 3 hydrogen bonds with which other base?

Adenine

Uracil bonds with which other base?

Adenine

Thymine forms 2 hydrogen bonds with which other base?

Peptide Bond

This is the term used to describe a bond between two amino acids

Amino Acids

These monomers are made of a central carbon surrounded by an R group, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a hydrogen.

20

How many amino acids are there in the human body?

R-Groups

When protein groups fold they fold based on the interactions between:

Denaturation

This term describes when a protein loses its shape

Primary Structure

This phase of protein formation is a chain of unfolded amino acids, it determines the structure and function of the future protein.

Secondary Structure

This phase of protein formation is mainly hydrogen bonding in the backbone, not including R-groups. It forms a spiral shape.

Tertiary Structure

This phase of protein formation includes interactions between R-groups to form a the structure of a protein chain.

Quaternary Structure

This phase of protein formation includes multiple folded protein chains coming together to form the final protein. Not all proteins reach this phase.

Prokaryotes

These cells don’t have a nucleus, and are either bacteria or archaea.

Eukaryotes

These cells do have a nucleus

Central Dogma

DNA → RNA → Proteins

Transcription

This is the process of DNA being copied into RNA

Translation

This is the process of mRNA being turned into amino acid chains

Gene

This is a selection of DNA that codes for one or more related proteins or functional RNA

Promoter

This is the sequence of DNA nucleotides that acts as an attachment point for the enzyme RNA polymerase. It is where transcription starts, and isn’t copied into the mRNA.

Transcription Factors

These are proteins that recognize and attach to the promoter and help guide and regulate RNA polymerase

Initiation

This step of transcription is when two DNA strands are temporarily separated and only the template strands is used for transcription. mRNA is only built from 5’ to 3’, meaning the template strand is only read from 3’ to 5’.

Termination

This step of transcription is when the terminator sequence of DNA is transcribed and contains the signal to stop transcription.

Introns

These are portions of mRNA that are removed by splicesomes during mRNA processing because they don’t code for anything

Exons

These are the coding portions of mRNA, they can be selectively removed during alternative splicing by splicesomes

Alternative Splicing

This allows different proteins to be created by selectively splicing out some of the exons in an mRNA molecule. It is part of mRNA processing

5’ Cap

this is added to the 5’ end of mRNA during processing

Poly-A Tail

this is placed on the 3' end of a mRNA molecule after the poly-A signal during processing

Codons

these are sets of three nucleotides that code for an amino acid during translation

Properties of Genetic Code

Unambiguous, non-overlapping, redundant, and nearly universal

Transcription

the process of DNA being turned into RNA

Translation

The process of turning mRNA into proteins

Initiation

This step in translation is when the small subunit of a ribosome binds to the mRNA codon AUG, then the large subunit of the ribosome completes the formation.

Elongation

This step in translation is when the chain of amino acids extends by more tRNA’s binding to the ribosome and attaching their amino acids.

Termination

This step in translation is when the release factor protein recognizes and binds to the a stop codon and immediately stops translation.

H

DNA nucleotides have an extra _ molecule bound to it

OH

RNA nucleotides have an extra _ molecule bound to it

Elongation

This phase of transcription is where the RNA polymerase moves along the template strand of DNA and attaches RNA nucleotides together in a complementary fashion.

Ribose

___ has an extra oxygen atom attached to it, forming another hydroxyl group