chapter 16 study exam

Produces the hormones that promote the development of the female secondary sexual characteristics at puberty.

ovaries

Storehouse for the hormones produced by the hypothalamus of the brain.

posterior pituitary gland

Produces the hormones that direct the production of the secondary male sex characteristics

testes

Produce steroid hormones and glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

adrenal glands

Produces hormones and is considered a neuroendocrine organ

hypothalamus

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH). goes to

bones and muscles

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) goes to

testes and ovaries

Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH ) goes to

mamary glands

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH ) goes to

adrenal cortex

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) goes to

thyroid

An autoimmune problem involving the thyroid gland

graves disease

Hyposecretion of growth hormone

Pituitary dwarfism

Hyposecretion of the pancreas.

Diabetes mellitus

Hyposecretion of the adrenal cortex

addisons disease

Hypersecretion of growth hormone.

acromegaly

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in adults

myxedema

Hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex

cushings disease

Hypersecretion of growth hormone

acromegaly

Hyposecretion of the thyroid in

infants

cretinism

The size and shape of a pea; produces hormones that stimulate other

endocrine glands

Hypophysis

The gland that controls the fight-or-flight reaction.

Adrenal medulla

Produces hormones that regulate glucose levels in the body.

pancreas

Produces a hormone that controls blood levels of calcium and potassium

by their removal from bone tissue

parathyroid

Produces the body's major metabolic hormones

thryoid

Produces glucocorticoids.

zona fascucutlata

Produces epinephrine

adrenal medulla

Produces aldosterone.

zona glomerulosa

Excess hormone levels result in Cushing’s syndrome

zona fascucutlata

Hormones mimic sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters.

medulla

Produces androgens

zona reticularis

In humans, melatonin may inhibit sexual maturation

true

The antagonistic hormones that regulate the blood calcium level are calcitonin-parathormone.

true

The hormone that raises blood sugar levels is insulin.

false , Insulin actually lowers blood sugar levels ; -

• Insulin: Released by the pancreas when blood sugar is high. It helps cells take in glucose from the blood to use for energy.

• Glucagon: The hormone that actually raises blood sugar levels. It tells the liver to release stored sugar back into the bloodstream when levels drop too low

Addison’s disease is due to a deficit output of glucocorticoids only.

false , Addison's disease involves a shortage of both glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone)

Both "turn on" factors (hormonal, humoral, and neural stimuli) and "turn off" factors (feedback

inhibition and others) may be modulated by the activity of the nervous system

true

ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroid hormones.

true

LH is also referred to as a gonadotropin.

true

With age, chronic stress increases blood levels of cortisol and appears to contribute to memory deterioration

true

Oxytocin is a strong stimulant of uterine contractions.

true

Follicle cells of the thyroid gland produce thyroglobulin, while follicle cells of the parathyroid produce calcitonin

false ,

• Thyroglobulin: Produced by the follicle cells (follicular cells) of the thyroid gland.

• Calcitonin: Produced by the parafollicular cells (C cells) of the thyroid gland, not the parathyroid gland.

• Parathyroid gland: Produces parathyroid hormone (PTH), which raises blood calcium levels, rather than calcitonin (which lowers them)

Type 2 diabetics may reflect declining receptor sensitivity to insulin rather than decreased insulin production

true

The prime metabolic effect of cortisol is gluconeogenesis.

true

The beta cells are the pancreatic islet cells that produce insulin.

true

Most type 2 diabetics do not produce insulin.

false , Most people with type 2 diabetes do produce insulin, but their bodies do not use it wel

Aldosterone is the most potent mineralocorticoid produced in the adrenals but the least abundant

false ,

• Potency: Aldosterone is indeed the most potent mineralocorticoid made by the adrenal glands.

• Abundance: It is actually the most abundant mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, rather than the least abundant.

• Function: It controls sodium and potassium levels to help regulate blood pressure and fluid balance

Atrial natriuretic peptide is a hormone that controls blood pressure in part by increasing the excretion of sodium.

true

Although glucagon is a small polypeptide, it is nevertheless very potent in its regulatory effects.

true

The thyroid gland is a large gland that controls metabolic functions throughout the life of an individual

true

Many hormones synthesized in the gastrointestinal tract are chemically identical to brain neurotransmitters

true

All of the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH.

true

Iodine is an essential element required for the synthesis of thyroxine.

true

The endocrine gland that is probably malfunctioning if a person has a high metabolic rate is the parathyroid

false , The gland responsible for regulating the metabolic rate is the thyroid gland, not the parathyroid.

Growth hormone always exerts its influence by targeting other endocrine glands to produce hormones.

false , Growth hormone (GH) does not only target other endocrine glands to produce hormones; it also has direct metabolic and growth-promoting effects on various non-endocrine tissues and cells throughout the bod

Glucocorticoids are steroid hormones that usually enhance the immune responses when an individual is suffering from severe stress

false , Glucocorticoids (such as cortisol) suppress or inhibit the immune response and reduce inflammation rather than enhance them during stress

Direct gene activation involves a second-messenger system.

false , Direct gene activation does not use a second-messenger system; instead, lipid-soluble hormones (such as steroid and thyroid hormones) pass directly through the cell membrane and bind to intracellular receptors to directly alter gene transcription

All peptide hormone synthesis requires gene activation that produces mRNA

true

All adenohypophyseal hormones except GH affect their target cells via a cyclic AMP second messenger

true

Gluconeogenesis occurs in the liver due to the action of _______

cortisol

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the

thymus gland

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular _______

second messengers

Which of the following is not a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

enzyme

Chemical substances secreted by cells into the extracellular fluids and that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body are called _______

hormones

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ______

is partly contained within the infundibulum

Which of the following is a cardinal sign of diabetes mellitus?

polyphagia, polydipsia , polyuria

Which of the choices below is not a factor required for target cell activation by hormone receptor interaction?

type of hormone

oxytocin ________

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

ADH ________.

is inhibited by alcohol

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by _______

entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nucle

Gonadocorticoid(s) _______

production by the adrenal gland is insignificant compared with sex hormone release from the

gonads during late puberty

Sometimes prolonged excessive exposure to high hormone concentrations causes a phenomenon known as ________.

down-regulation

Which of the following is not a change that may be caused by hormonal stimulus?

direct control of the nervous system

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on______

he presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary gland is through the ________

hypophyseal portal system

The neurohypophysis or posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is not a true endocrine gland because ______

It is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Steroid hormones exert their action by _______

entering the nucleus of a cell and initiating or altering the expression of a gene

the second-messenger mechanism of hormone action operates by ______

binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP

Hormones often cause a cell to elicit multiple responses; this is because _____

during protein kinase activation, enzymes phosphorylate many other enzymes

Cells that respond to peptide hormones usually do so through a sequence of biochemical reactions involving receptor and kinase activation. In order for cells to respond, it is necessary for first and second messengers to communicate. This is possible because _______

G protein acts as the link between first and second messengers

Thyroid hormone (a small iodinated amine) enters target cells in a manner similar to _____

teroid hormones, because both diffuse easily into target cells

When it becomes necessary to enlist the fight-or-flight response, a hormone that is released during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _______

epinephrine

One of the least complicated of the endocrine control systems directly responds to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients. Which of the following describes this mechanism?

humoral stimulation

The major targets of growth hormone are ______

bones and skeletal muscles

The parathyroid glands maintain adequate levels of blood calcium. This is accomplished through _____

targeting the bone and activating osteoclasts so that calcium will be released

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP

the heart

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to ______

cortisol

Leptin is secreted by _______

adipocytes

The most important regulator of electrolyte concentrations in extracellular fluids is ____

aldosterone

Which of the following is not a steroid-based hormone ?

epinephrine

Which of the following would be associated with the action of steroids on cells?

a hormone-receptor complex that interacts directly with the cell's DNA

Cellular responses to hormones that initiate second-messenger systems include ______

possible activation of several different second-messenger systems

Regulating hormones from the hypothalamus _______

first enter into the hypophyseal portal system

ACTH ______

secretion is regulated by a hypothalamic secretion

Which of the following is true about calcium homeostasis ?

Parathyroid hormone is the single most important regulator of calcium levels in the blood.

Aldosterone ________.

functions to increase sodium reabsorption

The only amine hormone to act like a steroid is ______

TH

Which organ does not have hormone production?

liver

In circumstances where the body requires prolonged or increased levels of a hormone, the DNA of target cells will specify the synthesis of more receptors on the surface of the cells of the target organ. This is known as ______

up-regulation

Eicosanoids do not include ______

hydrocortisones

A man has been told that he is not synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. Choose the correct statement to explain this problem

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes.

Which of the following organs is affected by thyroid hormone in adults?

liver