organelles and cell structure

prokaryotic cell

cell without a membrane-bound nucleus; its DNA is in the nucleoid region.

eukaryotic cell

cell with a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Which organisms have eukaryotic cells

Plants, animals, fungi, and protists.

Which organisms have prokaryotic cells

Bacteria and Archaea

what are similarities between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, ribosomes

what makes eukaryotic cells different than prokaryotic cells

have a membrane bound nucleus enclosing the chromosome,

what makes prokaryotic cells different from eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic lack a membrane bound nucleus, the chromosome is in the nucleoid

what is the influence of surface area on cell size

volume ratio on cell size

what is cell size limited by

metabolic requirements of the cell

why do large cells have a more difficult time moving materials needed to keep the cell functioning in/out

large cells have a smaller surface area to volume ratio

what does the adaption of projection/folds in plasma membrane do for the cell

it increases surface area by having an elongated shape

why do smaller organisms have a higher metabolic rate per unit of mass

increased heat loss with higher surface area to volume ratio

nucleus

holds most of the genes/dna in a eukaryotic cell

nuclear envelope

enclosed nucleus to separate its contents from the cytoplasm

double membrane

has pores through membranes, 2 layers of phospholipids

nuclear lamina and matrix

protein filaments/fibers that support the nucleus

chromatin

dna that is arranged into strands in eukaryotic cells and one circular chromosome in prokaryotic

nucleolus

darker, helps synthesize rRNA and subunits/produces ribosomes

ribosomes

made of ribosomsl RNA, produces protein based off mRNA template

where are ribosomes found

free in cytosol or attached to rough er/nuclear membrane

free ribosomes

make proteins that stay in the cytoplasm

bound ribosomes

make proteins used in membranes, within organelles, or secreted outside the cell

endomembrane system

membranous organelles (made of folded membranes/vesicles)

endoplasmic reticulum

folded network of membrane, folds and tubules that are called cisternae and interior is called lumen

smooth er

lacks attached ribosomes

smooth er functions

producing lipids, breaking down carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, calcium ion storage

tolerance to drugs

people build tolerance because smooth er breaks down toxins by adding hydroxyl to make them more soluble

storage of calcium ions

necessary for muscle contraction

rough er

covered in attached ribosomes

function of rough er

produces proteins and membranes

golgi apparatus

modifies and packages proteins through enzymes before sending them to a new location

lysosomes

vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes used to digest and breakdown macromolecules and materials

lysosome phagocytosis

cell engulfs another cell or large molecules in a vesicle then attaches a lysosome to digest it

lysosomes made and modified by

ER and golgi apparatus

buildup of indigestible material caused by

lack of hydrolytic enzymes

vacuole

large vesicles used for storage

contractile vesicles

used by some unicellular organisms living in fresh water (hypotonic solution) to excrete water to prevent over inflating

extra things vacuoles can store in plants

pigments, poisons, toxins, proteins

in plant cells what is the purpose of a large central vacuole

storage of inorganic ions and water which decreases volume of cytosol/cytoplasm, making a high ion content

mitochondria

site of cellular respiration, producing ATP and breakdown of sugars

double membrane bound mitochondria gives evidence of

endosymbiotic theory

endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from one cell engulfing another

the more mitochondria a cell has…

the higher energy needs it has

mitochondria structure

smooth outer membrane, inner membrane is folded which increases surface area for cellular respiration

cristae

folds of cell

matrix

inside of cell

chloroplasts

site of photosynthesis, producing sugars using light energy

chloroplasts double membrane bound

contains ribosomes and DNA, evidence of endosymbiotic theory

chloroplast structure

inside inner membrane are stacks of sacs

thylakoid

sacs in chloroplasts

peroxisomes

single membrane container that uses enzymes to preform oxidation,

granum

stack in chloroplasts

stroma

fluid surrounding thylakoids

oxidation

removing hydrogen atoms from molecules and attaching them to oxygen to produce hydrogen peroxide, which is then converted to water

cytoskeleton

used for support and motility

centrioles

help organize and manufacture micro tubules in animal cells

flagella

long whip like tail containing micro tubules, spin to propel cell, used for mobility

cilia

small hairs made of micro tubules, covering the surface of some cells, able to wiggle to help with unicellular movement

cell wall

thick wall on exterior of membrane in plant/bacteria/fungi and most protist cells

cell wall function

provides support, protection, and structure , and helps to prevent lysis/bursting of cell