[Prelims] Logic

Proposition

* is a statement which can be __***answerable by true or false***__
* can either be simple or compound

Logos

Greek word which means __***study, reason, or discourse***__

Logike

means __***thought***__

Logic

is the science and art of correct thinking

Logic

is a SCIENCE because it is a systematized body of logical truths and principles governing correct thinking

Logic

as an ART as it is a “techne” and it teaches how to make arguments

Logic

often called the art of arts because it develops and perfects the intellect which all artists need in their work

Thinking

* is __***a mental process***__ - involves analysis, definition, classification, comparison, and contrasts


* it guides or directs man to form correct ideas

Formal Logic

concerned with the aspect of form which has something to do with the correctness or sequence or the following of rules

Material Logic

concerned with the aspect of subject matter or content or truth of the argument

Deductive Logic

from more to less

Inductive logic

implies a sense of probability

Simple Apprehension

the operations by which we grasp the essences of things

Sensation

use of sense to perceive realities to form precept

Phantasm

image with the help of memory, imagination etc

Abstraction

extraction or creating meaning of phantasm with the use of intelligence

Concept/Idea

the product of abstraction or this is what the mind grasps as the essence of the object

Concept

* the representation of an object by the intellect through which man understands or comprehends a thing
* it is an “__***idea***__” - starts with an outside reality and is apprehended by the senses

Comprehension

sum of all the qualities which constitute the meaning of a concept

Extension

refers to all the individuals or objects which the comprehension is applicable

First Intention

we understand what the thing is according to what it is in reality

Second Intention

it is not in accordance to reality but on how the mind thinks about it

Concrete concepts

expresses a “form” and a “subject”

Form

the descriptive quality of attribute

Subject

the owner of those qualities or attributes

Tangible

can be perceived by our senses

Abstract concepts

has a “form” only, has intangible quality, that which cannot be perceived by the senses

Absolute concepts

signifies the meaning of a concept, all definitions are absolute concept (can exist on its own)

Connotative Concepts

signifies a characteristic existing in the concept, all modifiers are connotative concepts

Positive Concepts

signifies the existence or possession of something

Negative Concepts

signifies the absence of something

Term

the __**external representation**__ of a concept and the __**ultimate structural element**__ of a proposition

* __***External Representation***__ - means it is always a sign of a concept or an idea
* __***Ultimate structural element***__ - means it could either be the subject or predicate of a proposition

Relative Concepts

* one with the other
* Ex: husband and wife & male and female

Contrary concepts

opposed but with middle ground

Contradictory Concepts

opposed but with no middle ground

Univocal

if they mean exactly the same thing in the last two occurences

Equivocal

if they have different meaning in at least two occurrences

Analogous

if they have partly the same and partly different meanings in at least two occurrences

Singular

stands for single definite individual or group

Particular

stands for an indefinite subject

General Propositions

which are true most of the time but not all the time

Universal

it stands for every subject signified

Supposition of terms

it is functional - the way it is meant in the proposition

Material Supposition

is that which uses a word for itself alone, for its spoken or written sign, and not for its real meaning

Formal Supposition

is that which uses a word for its real meaning

Logical Supposition

is that which uses a word for its second intention; that is the way the mind thinks to be

Real Supposition

is that which uses a word for its first intention

Imaginary Supposition

exist as a product of imagination

Metaphorical Supposition

term is used as a figure of speech

Symbolic Supposition

Signifies a group of men

Philos

means “love”

Sophia

means “wisdom”

Philosophy

* the “__**love of wisdom**__”
* an investigation through constant inquiry, curiosity, and wonder
* not only concerned with questions but also verifies the ans to questions raised

Philosophers

* lovers of wisdom
* confronts everything common beliefs. traditional statements, unverified theories, and hypotheses

Knowledge

only answers the questions of “what’s” but does not clarify the questions of “why’s”

Human

is an intelligent being who is knowledgeable, who knows what he/she is doing, so human may know many things but are necessarily wise

Socrates

remarked that __**“The unexamined life is not worth living.”**__

Philosophy

* is a wise human activity, an activity of inquiry
* it seeks to uncover ultimate causes of things

Aristotle

said that __**“All human by nature desire to know.”**__

Late 16th century

time when Cosmo Centric or Pre-Socratic Age happened

Cosmo Centric or Pre-Socratic Age

* when the chronicle of philosophy is believed to started
* happened in **Greece** particularly in the region of **Ionia**
* philosophers were pre-occupied with rational solutions to certain fundamental problems of mankind, __**asking questions about the nature of cosmos (universe)**__

Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes

regarded as the first philosphers

Thales of Melitus

* predicted the **eclipse of the sun** on **May 28, 585 BC**
* introduced fundamental thoughts of **principles about the cosmos** which made him earned the title as “__**First Philosopher”**__
* Principal contribution to philo: Inquiry on the fundamental nature of reality by postulating that __**water**__ is the universal stuff that holds the universe

Water

the basic \[principle comprising the cosmos

Anaximander

consist of **Apeiron**

* the boundless or the infinite from which all this come


* its the undetermined, indestructible, and ever-changing primary substance of being (entire universal experience)

Anaximenes

* a young associate of Anaximander
* for him, fundamental cause of the universe is __**Air**__

Air

the basic component of cosmos which he proved and supported the principle of condensation

Socrates

* great teacher of Plato
* taught that good means a virtuous life due to our knowledge of the god
* determines of true happiness which involves good actions

Plato

* most distinguished student of Socrates
* said that truth as the ultimate ideal reality that can be grasped by the human intellect
* His idea: __**Ultimate Reality**__
* the idea signifies the object’s permanent essence, a prototype to which every particular object is a copy of the realms of ideas __**(Allegory of the Cave)**__

Aristotle

* accorded the title of __**“The Philosopher”**__
* most gifted among Plato’s students
* He taught that the truth is the agreement of knowledge with reality; __**a life lived in moderation is what makes life good**__

Cosmology

the study of the nature inanimate being (universe)

Ethics

study of the nature and morality of human acts

Social/Political Philosophy

the study of man, his place in the society, and existing relationships in various social institutions

Theodicy

the study of essence and existence of God mainly based on reason

Aesthetics

study of beauty, its nature, and appreciation

Rational/Philosophical Psychology

study of life principle, particularly that of the psychological aspect of man

Metaphysics

study of being and its essence as a being

Epistemology

the study on the certainty of human knowledge

Philosophy of Man

study on the nature and essence of human being and relationship of his/her own self, and with others

Logic

the study of nature of correct reasoning

Socrates

“The unexamined life is not worth living.”

Aristotle

“All human by nature desire to know. Human beings naturally desire to know.”

Logic is Organon

logic is used as in instrument in determining the truth

Logike

Greek word meaning “thought”

Logos

Greek word meaning “study, reason, or discourse”

Techne

means “good argument”

Deductive Logic

* from more to less
* general to specific

Inductive Logic

* implies a sense of Possibilities
* from specific to general

Thinking

* Mental process
* analyze, compare, classify, define, divide, inference

Simple Apprehension

* one of the 3 essential operations of intellect
* product: __**Concept/ Idea**__
* External signs: **Oral & Written terms**
* use of the __**5 senses**__

Concept

arises from signs

Natural Signs

are made by nature

Conventional Signs

man-made

Formal Signs

represented by the signs

First Intention

* according to reality
* LITERAL NA MEANING

Second Intention

* according to reality and mind
* OTHER MEANINGS/ INTEPRETATIONS of the word

Concrete Concept

Form + Subject

Ex: Strong (form) Coffee (Subject)

Abstract Concept

Form ONLY

Ex: Strong

Absolute Concept

a word that exist on its own

Ex: Man

Connotative Concept

exist with a concept

Ex: King (doesn’t exist w/o man)