Grade 9 Coding and Robotics Exam Summary

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering HTML, CSS, Microsoft Excel, Computational Thinking, Java (Gogga), FreeCAD, and TinkerCAD circuits based on the Grade 9 Coding & Robotics exam summary.

HTML

HyperText Markup Language; a markup language (not a programming language) that tells a web browser how to display content.

Tag

A keyword placed inside angle brackets (e.g.

) where most instances have an opening tag and a closing tag.

Attribute

Extra information placed inside an HTML opening tag, written in the format name="value" (e.g. ).

CSS

Cascading Style Sheets; a language that controls visual appearance and separates design from HTML content.

Tag selector

A CSS selector that targets and styles all occurrences of a specific HTML tag (e.g. p { }).

Class selector

A reusable CSS selector that starts with a dot (e.g. .red-text).

ID selector

A CSS selector that starts with a hash symbol (e.g. #title) and is unique to a single element on a web page.

Workbook

The entire Microsoft Excel file.

Worksheet

A single sheet or page located inside an Excel workbook.

Cell

The intersection where a horizontal row and a vertical column meet in a spreadsheet (e.g. B4).

Range

A specified group of cells in a spreadsheet (e.g. E3:E11 means cells E3 through E11).

AutoFit

An Excel feature accessed by double-clicking the boundary between column headings to automatically widen the column to fit the longest entry.

Freeze Top Row

An Excel tool found via View → Freeze Panes → Freeze Top Row that keeps header rows visible while scrolling.

Merge and Center

An Excel tool that combines multiple selected cells into a single cell and centres the contained text.

Wrap Text

An Excel formatting tool that displays long text across multiple lines within a single cell.

AutoFill

An Excel feature used by dragging the Fill Handle to copy data or automatically continue a series.

SUM

A built-in Excel function that adds all numbers within a specified range (e.g. =SUM(A1:A4)).

AVERAGE

A built-in Excel function that calculates the mathematical mean of a range (e.g. =AVERAGE(A1:A5)).

MAX

A built-in Excel function that identifies the largest value in a range (e.g. =MAX(B1:B5)).

MIN

A built-in Excel function that identifies the smallest value in a range (e.g. =MIN(E1:E5)).

COUNT

A built-in Excel function that counts only the cells within a range that contain numbers (e.g. =COUNT(A1:A5)).

COUNTA

A built-in Excel function that counts all non-empty cells containing either text or numbers (e.g. =COUNTA(A1:A5)).

COUNTBLANK

A built-in Excel function that counts empty cells within a range (e.g. =COUNTBLANK(A1:A5)).

Sort

An Excel tool that reorganises the order of data (e.g. A–Z or smallest to largest).

Filter

An Excel tool that temporarily hides rows that do not meet specified criteria without deleting them.

Conditional formatting

An Excel feature that dynamically alters the visual appearance of cells when they meet a specified rule.

Relative cell reference

A spreadsheet cell reference (e.g. A1) where both the column letter and row number can change when the formula is copied.

Absolute cell reference

A spreadsheet cell reference (e.g. $A$1) where both the column letter and row number stay fixed when copied.

Mixed cell reference

A spreadsheet cell reference (e.g. $A1 or A$1) where only the column or only the row is locked in place when copied.

Decomposition

A pillar of computational thinking that involves breaking a large or complex problem down into smaller, manageable parts.

Pattern recognition

A pillar of computational thinking that involves identifying repetitions, trends, or underlying rules across problems or data.

Abstraction

A pillar of computational thinking that focuses on keeping important details while ignoring irrelevant or unnecessary information.

Algorithm

A set of precise, step-by-step instructions designed to carry out an action or solve a problem.

IPO model

A computational model consisting of Input (required information or items), Process (logic, calculations, or actions), and Output (the final result).

Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

The software execution environment that runs compiled Java bytecode (.class files).

Syntax error

A code error that halts compilation, preventing the generation of a .class file until the mistake is resolved.

IDE

Integrated Development Environment; a code editing program (such as jGRASP) equipped with integrated tools to write, compile, and run code.

Variable

A named storage unit in programming defined by a specific data type, an identifier name, and an assigned value.

Getter

A method in object-oriented programming used to retrieve information from an object.

Setter

A method in object-oriented programming used to modify or update an object's information.

For loop

A programming loop structure defined by three parts: an initialisation, a condition, and an increment.

Nested loop

A loop situated entirely inside another loop, typically where the inner loop executes repetitive actions and the outer loop controls cycles.

CAD

Computer-Aided Design.

Workbench

A specialised collection of tools in FreeCAD dedicated to a specific type of modelling task.

Body

The container in FreeCAD that holds all the combined 3D features of a single part.

Sketch

A flat 2D drawing created on a chosen plane that serves as the foundation for building a 3D shape in FreeCAD.

Degrees of freedom (DOF)

The number of independent ways that an unconstrained point or line in a CAD drawing can still move, resize, or rotate.

Constraint

A geometric or dimensional rule applied in CAD to lock size, angle, or position, thereby removing degrees of freedom (DOF).

Construction lines

Blue guide lines in FreeCAD used for planning and reference measurements that do not appear as part of the final 3D part geometry.

Pad

A FreeCAD Part Design tool that transforms a flat 2D sketch into a solid 3D part by extruding it and adding thickness.

Pocket

A FreeCAD Part Design tool that cuts a hole, cavity, or recess into a selected 3D face using a sketch.

Fillet

A CAD tool that creates rounded transitions on sharp edges or corners.

Linear Pattern

A CAD feature pattern tool that duplicates a feature multiple times in a straight line.

Polar Pattern

A CAD feature pattern tool that duplicates a feature evenly spaced around a central circular axis.

Seed feature

The original, initial feature that gets duplicated by a pattern tool in FreeCAD.

Revolve

A FreeCAD tool that creates a 3D object by rotating a closed, fully constrained 2D sketch around a designated axis (usually by $360^\circ$).

Embedded system

A dedicated computer system designed to carry out one specific, dedicated task.

Microcontroller

An integrated chip that combines a processor core, memory, and programmable input/output (I/O) ports on a single integrated circuit.

Voltage

The electrical potential difference between two points, denoted as $V$ and measured in volts ($V$).

Current

The rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor, denoted as $I$ and measured in amps ($A$).

Resistance

The opposition to the flow of electric current in a circuit component, denoted as $R$ and measured in ohms ($\Omega$).

Ohm's Law

The physical law defining electrical proportionality: $V = I \times R$, $I = \frac{V}{R}$, and $R = \frac{V}{I}$.

Ammeter

An electrical measuring instrument used to measure electric current, which must always be connected in series.

Voltmeter

An electrical measuring instrument used to measure electrical potential difference, which must always be connected in parallel.

Actuator

An output component in a circuit that physically moves, operates, or controls a mechanism (e.g. motor, LED, or buzzer).

Anode

The longer terminal leg of a light-emitting diode (LED), representing the positive ($+$) lead.

Cathode

The shorter terminal leg of a light-emitting diode (LED), representing the negative ($-$) lead.

Voltage divider

A simple circuit composed of two resistors connected in series that splits an input voltage into a lower proportional output voltage.

LDR

Light-Dependent Resistor (photoresistor); an analogue sensor component whose electrical resistance varies in response to incident light levels.

Potentiometer

A manually adjustable three-terminal voltage divider whose centre wiper terminal connects to an analogue input.

H-Bridge

An electronic circuit or driver chip (such as the L293D) that enables a DC motor to rotate both forward and backward while shielding a microcontroller from excessive motor current.

Torque

The rotational or turning force exerted by a motor, with starting torque being the initial force required to get a motor rotating.

PWM

Pulse Width Modulation; a technique that rapidly alternates digital power between on and off states to control output power or motor speed.

Positional servo

A specialized motor that can rotate to a designated angle between $0^\circ$ and $180^\circ$ and hold that exact angular position.