AP World History (ch 4)

Once China came under Mongol control, how did Kubilai Khan's laws affect the social relationships between the Mongols and their Chinese subjects?

They preserved a strict distinction between Mongols and Chinese.

Kubilai Khan believed the best way to "civilize" the Mongols in the Yuan Empire was to __________.

introduce them to Chinese rituals and standards

Compared to Chinese women in the Yuan Empire, Mongol women living there had __________.

greater rights and freedom, including rights to property and control in the household

Which of the following experienced a rise in social stature during Mongol rule in China?

actors and actresses

What historical contradiction can be formulated about Mongol rule in China?

Despite its military prowess, the Mongol dynasty in China was relatively short-lived.

The __________ dynasty restored peace and order after the Mongol retreat from China and the dissolution of their regime.

Ming

Why were laboring and peasant families slower to adopt foot-binding than were the upper classes of Chinese society?

Lower-class workers and peasants depended more on women's labor outside of the home to make ends meet.

Women in Chinese society during the fourteenth century had greater opportunities to achieve higher status and respect within their families if they __________.

bore male children

Japan's repulsion of a Mongol invasion during the late thirteenth century convinced its people that they no longer had to __________.

borrow from external models for political and military innovations and ideas

The source of political and military power in thirteenth-century imperial Japan was invested with __________.

samurai warlords

One similarity between feudal Japanese and European fortresses was that both __________.

were self-contained worlds

As demonstrated by seppuku, the practice of ritual suicide, the samurai warrior code stressed __________.

family honor and death

Aside from expanding their empire, Mongol forces invaded Vietnam in the thirteenth century to __________.

eliminate the threat of Chinese resistance coming from this kingdom

The Vietnamese political state during the thirteenth century can best be described as __________.

a smaller verison of the Chinese imperial government

As exemplified by the popular literary classic The Tale of Kieu, beliefs and teachings based on __________ were popular with the Vietnamese population.

Buddhism

The establishment of a tent encampment within Dadu, the capital city of the Yuan Empire, reinforced __________.

the value Mogols placed on a nomadic lifestyle

Social structure in the Yuan Empire was characterized by __________.

a high degree of stratification between different ethnic groups

Under Kubilai Khan's successors in the Yuan Empire, conditions for Mongol women __________.

decline as they lost freedom and power

Marco Polo's written accounts of his travels to the Mongol Empire __________.

inspired future European navigators to find a sea route to these lands

__________ was the founder of the Ming dynasty in China.

Zhu Yuanzhang

The first initiatives that Hongwu took after becoming emperor focused on __________.

eliminating the Mongol influence in China

Hongwu tried to impress government officials with honesty, loyalty, and discipline by __________.

introducing public beatings for corrupt or incompetent officials

Foot-binding in China during the Ming dynasty most represented __________.

subordination of women by men

A weak imperial government in Japan during the eleventh and twelfth centuries meant that __________.

living conditions were unsafe within the empire

The bakufu established by the Minamoto shoguns after the Gempei Wars was in actuality a government controlled by __________.

the military

As exemplified by the three-tiered system that developed after Kamakura regime leader Yoritomo's death, political hegemony in feudal Japan __________.

was in flux as confusing governmental systems developed

How did Japanese feudalism differ from Western feudalism?

The Japanese relied less on negotiated contracts to seal feudal loyalties than did their European counterparts.

Like their Japanese counterparts, the Vietnamese emperors of the Tran dynasty __________.

considered themselves to be semi-divine

In her ridicule of polygamy in "Sharing a Husband," Vietnamese female author Ho Xuan Huong was directly criticizing codes of proper female behavior set by __________.

Confucian teachings

Factors including __________ helped spread Chinese culture to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam.

sedentary agriculture and Buddhism

Kubilai Khan's refusal to reestablish Chinese civil service exams in the Yuan Empire meant that __________.

the Chinese scholar-gentry was excluded from the highest levels of government bureaucracy

Under the new social structure that emerged in the Yuan Empire after the Mongol invasions, __________ gained greater powers and prominence, resulting in their elevation over local cultures in the social hierarchy.

Central Asian nomads and Muslim allies

How was Kubilai Khan's wife Chabi instrumental in trying to reconcile the ethnic Chinese to Mongol rule in the Yuan Empire?

She advised her husband to treat his conquered subjects less harshly than he had treated those who were defeated in earlier campaigns.

Kubilai Khan and Chabi's curiosity and cosmopolitan tastes resulted in __________.

exposure to diverse interregional cultural influences within the Yuan Empire

A more efficient tax collection system, improved astronomical instruments, advancements in medicine, and corrections to the Chinese calendar resulted from greater cultural contact between the Yuan Empire and __________.

Muslim intellectuals and scholars

Kubilai Khan's refusal to reinstate civil service exams and his support for artisans, merchants, and actors resulted in __________.

greater resistance and resentment by ethnic Chinese toward Mongol rule in the Yuan Empire

Kubilai Khan's policies toward __________ in the Yuan Empire was one of the few areas where the Chinese scholar-gentry supported their Mongol overlords.

peasants

One factor that hastened the end of Mongol rule in China was their military defeats in __________.

Japan and Vietnam

After Kubilai Khan's death in 1294, Mongol rule in China __________.

continued to decline due to weak leadership and government corruption

The White Lotus Society and other religious sects relied on __________ to develop peasant resistance against the Mongol government in China.

superstitious beliefs

Like the founder of the earlier Han dynasty, the Hongwu emperor who established the Ming dynasty __________.

came from peasant stock

Hongwu's decrees that abolished the position of chief minister, introduced public beatings of corrupt or incompetent government officials, and required that his wives come only from humble families were all meant to __________.

secure his dynasty by consolidating his powers

Hongwu's orders to remove Confucianist writings from public documents demonstrated his advocacy of __________.

thought control and censorship

By decreeing that unoccupied lands that were cleared and cultivated would become tax-exempt property, Hongwu promoted __________.

greater opportunities for peasants to own land

By the late 1200s, the semi-divine emperors of Japan __________.

held limited powers only in the areas closest to the imperial city

Japanese warlords gained greater power as they secured __________.

landed estates

One innovation that improved military combat for twelfth-century samurai warriors was the __________.

curved steel sword

Beginning in the twelfth century, Japanese peasants __________.

became serfs bonded to the land they worked

The teachings of the pure land sect offered its followers__________.

eternal salvation and happiness in exchange for living virtuous lives on earth

The Gempei Wars that ravaged the island of Honshu during the late 1100s involved __________.

the feuding Taira and Minamoto families

One characteristic common to many feudal systems found in various global societies throughout history is __________.

the transition from local government to a more centralized organization

The Vietnamese relied mostly on __________ to repel invading Mongolian forces during the thirteenth century.

guerrilla warfare

What factor most prevented Vietnam's Tran dynasty from its goal of building a state and society modeled on Chinese culture?

insufficient resources to support a government bureaucracy at the local level

Vietnamese families differed from Chinese families in that the Vietnamese __________.

preferred nuclear family organization to extended clan networks

The Khmers and Chams differed from their neighboring Vietnamese rivals because the former's cultural features and values originated in __________.

India