Appendicular Skeleton - Cervical Limb

Scapula

flat, triangular bone of the shoulder

Scapular Spine

long projection dividing the scapula’s lateral surface and ending as the acromion

Supraspinatus Fossa

area cranial to the scapular spine that houses the supraspinatus muscle

Infraspinous Fossa

area caudal to scapular spine that houses the infraspinatus muscle

Acromion

expanded distal end of the spine of the scapula

Glenoid Cavity

shallow cavity articulating with the head of the humerus to form the shoulder joint

Supraglenoid Tuberosity

process near the cranial aspect of the glenoid cavity, provides attachment for the biceps brachii muscle

Subscapular Fossa

most of the medial surface of the scapula providing attachment for the subscapular muscle, has a serrated surface dorsally for attachment to the serratus ventralis muscle

Clavicle

only present in cats, does not articulate with shoulder, can be seen radiographically

Humerus

the largest bone of the thoracic limb, articulates proximally with the scapula and distally with the radius and ulna

Greater Tubercle of Humerus

large process craniolateral to the humeral head to which many muscles attach

Lesser Tubercle of Humerus

process on the medial side of the humeral head

Intertubercular Groove

the sulcus between the greater and lesser tubercles through which the tendon of the brachii runs

Humeral Condyle

the entire distal extremity of the humerus, including two articular areas, two fossae, and the medial and lateral epicondyles

Medial Epicondyles

medial-most point of the humeral condyle, functionally known as the flexor epicondyle because it provides attachment for the flexor muscles of the forearm

Lateral Epicondyle

the lateral side of the humeral condyle, giving rise to the extensor of the forearm, functionally known as the extensor epicondyle

Olecranon Fossa

caudal excavation receiving the proximal end of the ulna on extension of the elbow

Supratrochlear Foramen

the hole between the olecranon and radial fossa found in the dog and sometimes the pig

Radius

the main weight-bearing bone of the forearm, articulating with the humerus and ulna proximally, and carpal bones and ula distally

Head of Radius

proximal part of the radius that articulates with the radius and the ulna

Medial Styloid Process

point at the distal end of the radius

Ulna

the long, thin bone serving mainly for muscle attachment and formation of the elbow join, articulates proximally humerus and radius, and distally with carpal bones and radius

Olecranon Tuber

proximal part of the ulna providing the lever arm of the extensor muscles of the elbow, forming point of the elbow

Anconeal Process

the proximal end of the trochlear notch which fits in the olecranon fossa of the humerus when the elbow is extended

Medial and Lateral Coronoid Process

large distal ends of the trochlear notch, medial is always larger than lateral (helps with orienting)

Lateral Styloid Process

pointed distal end of the ulna

Carpal Bones

the two rows of bones forming the carpus, numbers may vary between species due to fusion of bones or their absence

Proximal Row of Carpal Bones

from medial to lateral: Cr (radial - largest bone), Ci (intermediate), Cu (ulnar - lateral bone), Ca (accessory - projects behind carpus)

Distal Row of Carpal Bones

medial to lateral: C1, C2, C3, C4

Metacarpal Bones

generalized metacarpus has five bones numbered I-V from medial to lateral, each composed of a base articulating with the carpus and head articulating with the proximal phalanx

Phalanges

composed of proximal, middle, and distal portions (except the first dew claw only has proximal and distal), numbers I-V medial to lateral

Extensor Process

located on the dorsal proximal part of the distal phalanx of the four main digits provides insertion for the tendons of common digital extensor muscle

Proximal Sesamoid Bones

the nine small bones at the metacarpophalangeal joint

Distal Sesamoid Bones

small bones at the distal interphalangeal joint for each digit (only ossified in large animals)

Shoulder Joint

glenohumeral or scapulohumeral joint, ball-and-socket synovial joint between glenoid cavity and head of the humerus, loose joint capsule with no true collateral ligaments

Elbow Joint

a hinge type of synovial joint allowing flexion and extension, also a compound joint formed between the humerus, radius, and ulna

Proximal Radioulnar Joint

joint between the proximal radius and proximal ulna, joint is fused in the horse and ruminant

Distal Radioulnar Joint

between the distal radius and distal ulna, it is part of the antebrachiocarpal joint with which it shares a joint capsule, fused in equine and ruminants

Carpal Joints

a hinge type of synovial joint allowing flexion and extension with some lateral movement, it consists of three main joints - antebrachiocarpal, middle carpal and carpometacarpal

Antebrachiocarpal Joint

between the distal radius and ulna and the proximal row of carpal bones, lots of movement

Middle Carpal Joint

between the two rows of carpal bones, it communicates with the carpometacarpal joint

Carpometacarpal Joint

joint between the distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpal bones, it communicates with the middle carpal joint

Metacarpophalangeal Joint

articulations between the metacarpal and proximal phalanges, including the palmar sesamoid bones, a modified hinge joint

Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

synovial joint between proximal and middle phalanges

Distal Interphalangeal Joint

the saddle type of synovial joint between the middle and distal phalanges