Final Exam| NUTR 345 - Williams

Consist of Chapters 12, 15, 18

Discuss the top predictors of childhood obesity. 

1. Maternal obesity is a strong predictor of childhood obesity. Moreover when any parent is obese it increases the risk of childhood obesity. This is likely due to both genetic and environmental factors

2. Children in low income households are more likely to be obese

3. Excess inactive screen time is associated with obesity. The American academy of pediatrics limiting inactive screen time tones about 2 hours per day

The recommended tool for monitoring child growth

CDC growth chart for children 2-20 years old

BMI-for-age percentiles that indicate (a) overweight and (b) obesity in children

Overweight: 85th-94th percentile

Obesity: >95th percentile

Benefits associated with getting adequate nutrition and eating breakfast

Adequate nutrition and established healthful eating behaviors

Prevents immediate Health problems

reduce risk of developing a chronic condition

Breakfast is associated with a higher academic performance.

It is also associated with lower waste circumference.

Risks associated with overweight and obesity 

Cardiovascular disease

Type 2 diabetes

Certain cancers

How the frequency of family mealtimes impact health status and food choices of children

Strong scientific evidence shows that children and families that eat at least three meals together per week has a 12% less likely to be overweight 20% less likely to eat unhealthy foods 35% less likely to have an eating disorder and 24% more likely to eat healthy

AAP recommendations for screening in children of vegetarian diet

Should be planned to provide adequate protein, essential fatty acids, vitamin D, iodine, calcium, ions, zinc, and vitamin B12

AAP says to screen vegetarian children for iron deficiency,

Vitamin B12 anemia is at risk to

Determinants of physical activity participation in children

Physical activity often decreases with age

Obese children are less active than nonobese children

Season and climate impact level of physical activity

Physical education availability in school has decreased

Predictors of obesity in children

Most significant of childhood obesity maternal obesity

Low family income second predictor

Lower cognitive stimulation is the third predictor

Recommendations for physical activity in children

Children should engage in at least 60 minutes of physical activity each day

Parent should set a good example, encourage physical activity, and limit media and computer use

DRI recommendations for fiber intake and other nutrients discussed in the lecture on this topic.

Boys age 9 to 13 years old meet 31 g of fiber per day

girls age 9 to 13 years old need 26 g of fiber per day

Sugar: <6 teaspoons of sugar/day

Cold water is the best fluid for children. Provide plain sport drinks or diluted juice for prolonged vigorous physical activity

Adequate calcium and vitamin D intake at this time need for peak bone mass

Fat is an important dietary component. Choose healthy fat sources: plant based oils nuts seeds and legumes. Limit food high in saturated fat

middle childhood

Children between the ages of 5 to 10 years old also referred to a school age

preadolescence

The stage of development immediately preceding adolescence, 9 to 11 years of age for girls and 10 to 12 years of age for boys

bone age

Bone maturation correlates well with stage of pubertal development

resting energy expenditure

The amount of energy needed by the body in a state of rest

total fiber

Sum of dietary fiber and functional fiber

dietary fiber

Complex carbohydrates and lignins, naturally occurring and found mainly in the plant seed wall that terrify cannot be broken down by human digestive enzymes

functional fiber

Nondigestible carbohydrates, including plant animal and commercially produce sources that have been beneficial effects in humans

pouring rights

Contract between schools and soft drink companies, whereby the school receives a percentage of the profits of soft drink sales in exchange for the school offering only that soft drink companies products on the schools campus

competitive foods

Food sold to children and food service areas during meal time that competes with federal meal programs

commodity program

A USDA program in which food products are sent to schools for use and the child nutrition program commodities are usually acquired for farm price support, and surplus removal reasons

compare and contrast features and mortality rates of eating disorders discussed in the lecture

• Binge eating disorders: recurrent episodes of eating large quantities of food often rapidly and to the point of discomfort. Mortality rate is generally low

• Anorexia nervosa is most severe. It is characterized by extreme weight loss, poor body image and irrational fears of weight gain and obesity. Early mortality rates are between 10 to 15%. Less than 50% fully recovered.

• Bulimia nervosa is characterized by repeated about of uncontrolled eating, followed by self induced vomiting and laxative use fasting or vigorous exercises. Mortality rate is between 2 to 3%.

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What are the nutrients likely to be underconsumed by adolescence?

Adolescents on average consume and adequate amounts of several vitamins and minerals like vitamin B6, vitamin A, C, E, calcium, zinc, magnesium, iron, potassium and choline

What are the characteristics of the four stages aimed at the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity in adolescence?

Stage 1: prevention plus: adolescence with BMI between the 85th and the 94th percentile, may start out on this stage if they do not exhibit, significant comorbid conditions, and or have not completed their adolescent growth spurt. This level of treatment builds upon basic nutrition and physical activity guideance recommended to promote health and prevent disease of all youth.treatment includes consumption of at least five servings of fruit of vegetables per day limiting Sbeverage consumption achieving at least 60 minutes of physical exercise per day and limiting screen time to more than two hours of not academic time per day.

Stage two structured weight management BMI between the 85th and the 94% tower first factors of abnormal blood, lipids and elevated liver enzymes elevated fasting glucose, the same behaviors as the first stage but more structured and with some modifications, these modifications are monitoring behavior and should be offered by a qualified healthcare provider

Stage three: comprehensive multidisciplinary intervention includes the same behavioral goals as stage two and is more structured dictionary format with professionals who specialize in pediatric obese management. They have a detailed plan designed to lead to negative calorie balance structure behavior modification program is recommended and weekly visits of 8 to 12 weeks.

Stage four treachery care, interventions, appropriate with severely obese you or those who have significant chronic core mobility conditions. Treatment provided through a treachery weight management center in activity, counseling with behavior, modifications, intense treatment, possible meal replacements, a very low energy, diet medication, and surgery.

What are the risk factors for overweight and obesity in adolescence?

Having one or more overweight or obese parent, having a low social economic status, being an African-American, Hispanic, American Indian or native Alaskan race or ethnicity, having condition with limited mobility, behavior factors included in adequate physical activity and diet, high and calorie sugar and fat

Who are the appropriate candidates for baristric surgery?

Must have a BMI greater than 35 with medical major complications or a BMI greater than 40 with minor com.comMobilities in addition that adolescence should have completed a majority of their adolescent physiological development and physical growth spurt before undergoing the surgery in order to minimize potential side effects, such as growth, and to increase the ability to a here to Post surgical follow up. This is usually defined as having achieved 95% of predicted of stat and presenting in stage four or five.

What are the statistics related to adolescent disordered eating and fasting?

what are the nutrition and dietary considerations in acne?

consume: vitamin A, D, E, C, magnesium, zinc, iron, b vitamins, essential fatty acid (do not over consume these from supplements)

Adequate water

Minimize added sugar

what are the risk factors for hypertension, hyper lipidemia and type two diabetes

Hypertension affects 1.3 million adolescence in 2024. hypertension is where it is greater than 120 or greater than 80 the risk factors include family history of hypertension, high sodium intake, low potassium intake, overweight hyper lipidemia in active lifestyle or tobacco

Hyperlipidemia is elevated blood lipids. The risk factors include family, history of cardiovascular disease or high blood cholesterol levels, cigarette, smoking, overweight, hypertension, diabetes, and physically inactive.

Risk factors for type two diabetes include kidney failure, heart disease, high blood pressure, dementia, and certain cancers

What are the risks for iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia?

Risk factors among adolescence include those who are growing rapidly. Intake is an adequate those following strict vegan or vegetarian, diet calorie restriction those who sweat a lot or are in sports and heavy menstrual bleeding.

What are the general characteristics of anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorders?

What are the expectations for full recovery and anorexia nervosa

Less than 50% have fully recovered

What are the benefits of exercise in older adults?

What are the recommendations for exercise in older adults?

Exercise is the true foundation of youth

Builds lean body mass

Helps to maintain balance and flexibility

Contributes to an aerobic capability in overall fitness

Improves cognitive performance

Which factors contribute to longevity according to the CDC

The CDC suggested longevity depends on

10% access of high-quality healthcare

19% genetics

20% environment, for example, pollution

51% lifestyle factors

What is the normal physiological change that occurs with aging?

Hormones, digestive, and neurological systems, change of changes occur and may eventually lead to functional and structural deterioration

What are the recommendations for a specific nutrition in older adults?

Carbohydrates and fiber:

Limit added sugars and concentrated sweets like honey. Complete elimination is not necessary.

Choose complex carbs And improve and take a fiber

Protein:

Some groups vulnerable of inadequate intakes

Choose healthy food sources limit high fat meats choose lean sources, but fatty fish is OK

Fluids:

Water portion of total body decreases of age 1 mL of fluid per calorie eat or drink number of ounces equivalent to half of weight and pound example 100 pound person 100 ounces of fluid per day

What are the nutrients that all adults are at risk of under consuming or have a deficiency of?

Vitamin D, Calcium, magnesium, choline

What are the results of studies that looked at how moderate caloric restrictions impact longevity

The study show conflict and results. It requires adequate micronutrient, and protein intake. Excessive restriction of calories is associated with poor nutrition.

What are nutrient deficiencies associated with depression?

Magnesium is needed for many physiological functions and plays apart and over 300 enzymes

Low intake leaves to insomnia, anxiety, depression, and low appetite

Calcium is mostly for bone in tooth building and maintenance also plays a role in nerve transmission, cell membrane, transport and regulating heart and muscle

Absorption declines with age

Low levels are linked to colon cancer, overweight, and hypertension also linked to problems with concentration, osteoporosis, and depression

What are characteristics of andropause ?

Andropause:

Age related reduction to testosterone and males

Symptoms include hot flashes, and problems, retaining muscle mass

Adequate nutrition is important

Should consume zinc, vitamin D, vitamins, vitamin C, antioxidants, limit, fat sugar, and alcohol

Get enough physical exercise

dairy decreases testosterone levels,

medical intervention, if severe

What are characteristics of Menopause

Average age is 51 in the United States

End of menstrual cycle

Symptoms include mood issues and low energy

Adequate nutrition is important she consume, zinc, calcium, vitamin D, vitamin vitamin C, antioxidants, adequate protein, and limit fat add sugars and alcohol

Physical activity

And HRT is deem safe

What are the diet and lifestyle factors that increase cancer risk

Low fruit, vegetable and whole-grain intake

Low antioxidant intake

Low fiber intake

Nitrosamines ( bacon, deli meats), burnt and charred foods

Alcohol consumption

High animal foods and low plant food intake

High waist circumference, fat sales become dysfunctional

Low physical activity levels

Smoking exposure to pollution and air and water

What are the characteristics and causes of osteoporosis

Meaning, poor bones, reduce bone mass and function of the bones

Bones are less able to take up calcium

Women can lose up to 20% of bone mass after menopause

Men develop osteoporosis later than women

Increases fractures risk

Risk begins in childhood

And adequate calcium and vitamin D intake over a lifetime increases risk

Being active decreases weight-bearing activities

Discuss two factors that contribute to the formation of excess free radicals in the human body and how antioxidants mitigate the effects of free radicals

Two factors that contribute to formation of free radicals in the human body are air pollution and inflammation. Antioxidant mitigate the effects of free radicals by neutralizing them through electron donation, effectively stopping the free radicals’ chain reactions that can damage cells. This protective action helps maintain cellular integrity and reduces the risk of chronic diseases linked to oxidative damage.

Longevity

Length of life measured in years

Aging

Heterogeneous process everyone ages differently, and effects by genetics lifestyle and disease

Compression of morbidity

Shortening the period of illness and decrease functional capabilities at the end of life

Medicare

Federal health insurance for all people ages 65 and older and for young individual with certain disabling conditions

Life expectancy

Average number of years of life remaining for a person in a population, cohort or group most commonly reported as life expecting from birth

Demographic transition

Transition from hyper and death rates to low birth and death rates

Lifespan

Maximum number of years someone might live human life lifespan is projected to range from 110 to 120 years

Centenarian

A person who reaches the age of 100 or more

Supercentenarian

A person who has reached age 110 or more validated

Senescence

The condition or process of deterioration with age

Telomere

A cap like structure, it protects the ends of chromosomes and erodes during replication

Lean body mass (LBM)

Some of fat free tissue, including muscles and mineral such as bone and water

Sarcopeina

Loss of muscle tissue worsen with physical activity, low protein, and within an adequate calorie intake

Calorie restriction

Decreasing the energy level of one’s diet by 25 to 30% while eating protein, vitamin and mineral needs

Resilience

The ability to bounce back to deal with stress and recover from injury or ill

Fat free mass

Use interchangeably with lean body mass compromising bone muscle and water

Lean body mass

Some of fat-free body tissue muscles minerals as in bone and water

Functional status

Ability to perform daily activities to meet basic needs and live independently, including telephoning, grocery shopping, food preparation, and eating

USP (United States Pharmacopoeia

A non-governmental nonprofit organization, established and maintain standards of identity, strength, quality, purity, processing, and labeling for healthcare products

NSF

International a non-governmental nonprofit that also test dietary supplements

Nutraceutical

Combination of words, nutrients and pharmaceutical to indicate a food derived compound that can act as a drug such as red yeast, rice and satin light compound

edentulous

do not have natural teeth