Anatomopathology and Medical Semiology Flashcards

Vocabulary practice flashcards based on the Anatomo-Cyto-Pathology 1 and Medical Semiology 1 examination covering oncogenesis, inflammation, infectious diseases, and clinical semiology.

Initiation (Carcinogenesis)

A rapid and irreversible alteration of cellular DNA occurring after exposure to a carcinogen.

Exudate

An extravascular fluid characterized by a high concentration of proteins and abundant cellular debris.

Septic Shock Syndrome

A critical systemic condition resulting from severe infection, marked by profound and severe hypotension.

Type IV Hypersensitivity Response

A delayed immune response to bacterial infection mediated primarily by a cellular response rather than antibodies.

Elephantiasis

Severe chronic edema resulting from lymphatic drainage abnormalities that specifically affects the external genitalia and lower limbs.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

A neurodegenerative disease caused by an infectious proteinaceous particle (prion).

Herpes Zoster

A viral infection caused by the reactivation of a latent virus residing in nerve tissue, manifesting clinically as shingles (zona).

Hypovolemic Shock

A severe systemic complication that can occur following second-degree burns covering more than $20\%$ of the total body surface area.

TNM Staging System

A classification standard established by the WHO based on tumor size ($T$), regional lymph node involvement ($N$), and distant metastasis ($M$).

Indirect Immunofluorescence

The laboratory diagnostic technique routinely utilized to detect antinuclear antibodies (ANA/AAN).

Bohan and Peter Criteria

A set of diagnostic criteria for polymyositis and dermatomyositis comprising bilateral muscle weakness, elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK), characteristic muscle biopsy findings, and typical cutaneous manifestations.

Dermatomyositis

An inflammatory disease characterized predominantly by humoral immunity pathology, presenting with bilateral muscle weakness and typical skin eruptions.

Polymyositis

An inflammatory myopathy characterized primarily by cellular immunity pathology leading to bilateral muscle weakness.

Pyrosis

A retrosternal burning sensation commonly caused by gastroesophageal reflux.

Melena

The passage of black, tarry stools, typically indicative of hemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinal tract.

Arterial Hypertension

A cardiovascular condition defined by a systolic blood pressure exceeding $140\,\text{mmHg}$.

Symptom

A subjective departure from normal function or feeling perceived and reported directly by the patient (such as vertigo or nausea).

Sign

An objective, measurable, or observable manifestation of a disease or condition detected by an examining clinician (such as fever, skin eruption, or cyanosis).

Cyanosis

A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes indicating insufficient oxygenation, serving as an objective clinical sign of acute hypoxia.

Hemoptysis

The coughing up of blood from the respiratory tract, presenting as a hallmark sign of pulmonary tuberculosis.

Polyuria

The production of abnormally large volumes of urine, representing a common clinical symptom of diabetes.

Auscultation

The physical examination method of attentively listening to internal body sounds (such as cardiac, respiratory, and intestinal sounds) using a stethoscope.