Amphetamines

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Last updated 11:39 PM on 4/12/26
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128 Terms

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Q: What are stimulants?
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A: Drugs that increase brain activity, alertness, and energy.
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Q: Name common stimulants.
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A: Nicotine, caffeine, cocaine, amphetamines, ecstasy, antidepressants.
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⚡ Effects + Mechanisms
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Q: What do cocaine and caffeine do in the body (but NOT nicotine)?
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A: Cause vasoconstriction, stimulate reward pathway, affect transporters, and can lead to dependence.
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Q: What does “reward pathway” mean?
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A: Brain system that releases dopamine → makes you feel good → causes addiction.
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Q: What does antagonistic binding mean?
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A: Drug blocks receptors instead of activating them.
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☕ Caffeine Question
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Q: Why might caffeine make someone sleepy?
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A: They may have strong CYP1A2 → breaks caffeine down too fast.
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🪖 History
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Q: How were amphetamines used in WWII?
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A: To keep soldiers awake, alert, and focused.
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Q: What was Pervitin?
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A: Methamphetamine used by Axis soldiers.
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Q: What was Benzedrine?
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A: Decongestant inhaler later used as stimulant tablets.
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🧬 Structure
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Q: What are amphetamines structurally similar to?
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A: Dopamine and norepinephrine.
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Q: Why is this important?
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A: It lets them affect brain signaling easily.
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💊 Examples
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Q: Examples of amphetamines?
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A: Adderall, Vyvanse, methamphetamine, MDMA.
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Q: What is MDMA?
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A: A stimulant + hallucinogen (Ecstasy/Molly).
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🧪 Methylation
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Q: What does adding a methyl group do?
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A: Helps drug cross blood-brain barrier → stronger effects.
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🎯 Uses
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Q: Why do people abuse amphetamines?
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A: Euphoria, energy, appetite suppression.
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Q: Medical uses?
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A: ADHD and narcolepsy.
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Q: How do they help ADHD?
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A: Increase focus and reduce hyperactivity.
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💉 Administration
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Q: How are amphetamines taken?
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A: Oral, nasal, smoked, injected.
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Q: Why is injection dangerous?
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A: Faster brain delivery, higher addiction, infections, pain.
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🔬 Metabolism
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Q: What enzyme breaks down amphetamines?
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A: CYP2D6.
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Q: What is half-life?
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A: Time for half the drug to leave the body (~1 hour).
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⚙️ How They Work
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Q: What do amphetamines do to dopamine?
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A: Increase release and block reuptake.
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Q: Result?
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A: More dopamine → more pleasure + addiction.
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💊 Dosage
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Q: Normal dose range?
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A: 5–60 mg.
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Q: Why does dose vary?
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A: Tolerance.
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Q: What is tolerance?
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A: Need more drug over time for same effect.
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