CLAT Post Current Affairs & Legal GK Review (June 2026 Edition)

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the key national and international legal developments, economic base year revisions, environmental milestones, and current affairs from the CLAT Post June 2026 edition.

Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary

A protected wetland located at Surha Tal in the Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh that was designated as India's 100th Wetland of International Importance under the Ramsar Convention.

Surha Tal

A large, natural perennial oxbow lake in the middle stretch of the Ganga River basin in Uttar Pradesh, formed by the meandering course of the Ganga River.

Oxbow Lake

A U-shaped water body formed when a wide meander of a river is cut off from the main river stream.

Central Asian Flyway (CAF)

A major global migratory bird flight corridor covering large parts of Eurasia within which the Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary (Surha Tal) serves as a critical wintering and stopover site.

Aythya ferina

The scientific name for the common pochard, a vulnerable diving duck species recorded at the Surha Tal Ramsar Site.

Sterna aurantia

The scientific name for the Indian river tern, an avifaunal species supported by the Surha Tal wetland habitat.

Wallago attu

A vulnerable species of freshwater catfish supported by the aquatic ecosystem of the Surha Tal wetland.

Bagarius bagarius

A vulnerable freshwater catfish species found in the waters of the Jai Prakash Narayan Bird Sanctuary.

Prionailurus viverrinus

The scientific name for the fishing cat, a vulnerable feline species that uses the Surha Tal wetland as a prime feeding and breeding ground.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 1

The Ramsar designation criterion fulfilled when a wetland contains a representative, rare, or unique example of a natural or near-natural wetland type found within the appropriate biogeographic region.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 2

The Ramsar designation criterion fulfilled when a wetland supports vulnerable, endangered, or critically endangered species or threatened ecological communities.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 3

The Ramsar designation criterion met when a site supports populations of plant or animal species important for maintaining the biological diversity of a particular biogeographic region.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 4

The Ramsar designation criterion fulfilled if a wetland supports plant or animal species at a critical stage in their life cycles or provides refuge during adverse conditions.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 5

The Ramsar designation criterion applied when a wetland regularly supports $20{,}000$ or more waterbirds.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 6

The Ramsar designation criterion fulfilled when a wetland regularly supports $1\%$ of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of waterbird.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 7

The Ramsar designation criterion applied when a wetland supports a significant proportion of indigenous fish subspecies, species, or families, life-history stages, or interactions representative of wetland values.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 8

The Ramsar designation criterion met when a wetland is an important food source for fishes, a spawning ground, nursery, or migration path on which fish stocks depend.

Ramsar Convention Criterion 9

The Ramsar designation criterion applied when a site regularly supports $1\%$ of the individuals in a population of one species or subspecies of wetland-dependent non-avian animal species.

Wetlands (Ramsar Definition)

Areas of marsh, fen, peatland, or water, whether natural or artificial, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish, or salt, including marine water not exceeding six metres in depth at low tide.

Nature's Kidneys

A metaphorical term applied to wetlands because they filter nutrients, toxic substances, and sediment from water, thereby purifying surface water flows.

Nature's Supermarket

A descriptive term for wetlands referencing the vast biodiversity and extensive food webs they support for millions of people and wildlife species.

Coastal Wetlands

Wetlands occurring in areas between land and open sea not influenced by rivers, including shorelines, beaches, mangroves, and coral reefs.

Shallow Lakes and Ponds

Areas of permanent or semi-permanent water with little flow, including vernal ponds, spring pools, salt lakes, and volcanic crater lakes.

Marshes

Periodically saturated, flooded, or ponded wetlands characterised by herbaceous, non-woody vegetation adapted to wet soil conditions.

Swamps

Wetlands fed primarily by surface water inputs that are dominated by trees and shrubs, occurring across freshwater or saltwater floodplains.

Bogs

Waterlogged peatlands located in old lake basins or depressions where nearly all water inflow is derived exclusively from precipitation.

Estuaries

Transitional zones where freshwater from rivers meets and mixes with seawater, including deltas, tidal mudflats, and salt marshes.

Peatlands

Ecosystems consisting of peat soil together with the wetland vegetation growing on its surface, storing twice as much carbon as all forests globally despite covering only $3\%$ of land.

Montreux Record

A register of wetland sites on the Ramsar List where changes in ecological character have occurred, are occurring, or are likely to occur from technological developments, pollution, or other human interference.

Keoladeo National Park (Montreux Record)

A Ramsar Site in Rajasthan that is currently listed on the Montreux Record due to ongoing ecological challenges.

Loktak Lake (Montreux Record)

A Ramsar wetland in Manipur known for its floating phumdis that remains listed on the Montreux Record.

Chilika Lake (Montreux Record History)

A major brackish water lagoon in Odisha that was placed on the Montreux Record but subsequently removed following successful rehabilitation and conservation.

Sundarban Wetland

The largest Ramsar Site in India, spanning an area of $4{,}230\,\text{sq km}$ in West Bengal.

Kazhuveli Bird Sanctuary

The second-largest Ramsar Site in India, encompassing $1{,}513\,\text{sq km}$ in Tamil Nadu.

Vembanad-Kol Wetland

A major Ramsar Site in Kerala covering $1{,}512.5\,\text{sq km}$, ranking as India's third-largest Ramsar wetland.

Renuka Lake

A wetland located in Himachal Pradesh measuring approximately $0.2\,\text{sq km}$, tied as one of India's smallest Ramsar Sites.

Vembannur Wetland Complex

A Ramsar Site in Tamil Nadu covering approximately $0.2\,\text{sq km}$, sharing the status of India's smallest Ramsar wetland.

Patna Bird Sanctuary

A protected wetland in the Etah district of Uttar Pradesh designated as a Ramsar Site in 2026.

Shekha Jheel Bird Sanctuary

A wetland in the Aligarh district of Uttar Pradesh added to the Ramsar List in 2026.

Chhari-Dhand

A wetland located in the Kutch region of Gujarat that was designated as a Ramsar Site in 2026.

IPBES Global Assessment on Wetlands

An intergovernmental scientific finding identifying wetlands as the single most threatened ecosystem globally due to human activities and climate change.

Coastal Squeeze

A phenomenon where intertidal coastal wetlands are trapped between rising sea levels and fixed landward human barriers, leading to habitat loss.

Wetland Maladaptation

Adverse ecological impacts inflicted on wetland systems as unintended consequences of adaptation projects undertaken in other sectors, such as upstream dams exacerbating downstream salinisation.

Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention)

An international environmental treaty adopted in 1979 in Bonn, Germany, under the UNEP, dedicated to conserving terrestrial, marine, and avian migratory species across their ranges.

CMS Appendix I

The listing under the Bonn Convention that covers migratory species categorized as endangered, requiring strict protection by range states.

CMS Appendix II

The category under the Bonn Convention for migratory species that have an unfavourable conservation status and require international agreements for their management.

Ramsar Wetland City Accreditation

A voluntary recognition scheme established under Ramsar COP Resolution XII.10 in 2015 that honors cities demonstrating wise and sustainable municipal use of urban and peri-urban wetlands.

Indore and Udaipur (Wetland Accreditation)

The first two Indian cities accredited as Ramsar Wetland Cities under the international accreditation framework.

Pantanal

The world's largest tropical Ramsar Site, located primarily in South America.

National Family Health Survey-6 (NFHS-6)

A large-scale multi-round demographic and health survey conducted during 2023-24 covering $6.79\,\text{lakh}$ households across 715 districts in India, commissioned by the MoHFW.

International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS)

The premier demographic research institute based in Mumbai that serves as the nodal agency for the design, coordination, and execution of the NFHS.

Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI)

The digital interviewing technology fully adopted in NFHS-6 to ensure real-time data entry, logic checking, and data validation during field operations.

Institutional Deliveries (NFHS-6)

The percentage of childbirths delivered in healthcare institutions, which increased nationally from $88.6\%$ in NFHS-5 to $90.6\%$ in NFHS-6.

Women's Internet Usage (NFHS-6)

A digital inclusion benchmark in NFHS-6 that nearly doubled, rising from $33.3\%$ in NFHS-5 to $64.3\%$ in NFHS-6.

Household Health Insurance Coverage (NFHS-6)

The proportion of Indian households with at least one member covered under health insurance, expanding from $41.0\%$ in NFHS-5 to $60.2\%$ in NFHS-6.

NFHS-6 Net Indicator Reduction

The historical reduction of 30 net indicators in the survey round, resulting from dropping 43 previous metrics while adding 13 new focus areas.

Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) Questions (NFHS-6)

A new questionnaire focus area introduced in NFHS-6 to track household access to and receipts from government welfare cash transfers.

Self-Help Group (SHG) Membership Indicator

A newly introduced focus area in NFHS-6 tracking women's participation in community microfinance and empowerment groups.

Biological HIV Testing (NFHS-6)

A diagnostic testing protocol reinstated in the NFHS-6 CAB module after being omitted from field testing in NFHS-5.

Dried Blood Spot Collection (Hepatitis-B)

A biochemical testing method introduced in NFHS-6 to collect blood samples from children aged 4 to 5 years for Hepatitis-B testing.

Sex Ratio at Birth (SRB)

The demographic ratio defined as female births per $1{,}000$ male births; it stood at 929 in NFHS-5 and was dropped from the NFHS-6 fact sheet.

Dropped Cancer Screening Indicators (NFHS-6)

Four indicators tracking screening for cervical, breast, and oral cancer that were introduced in NFHS-5 but discontinued after a single survey round.

Dropped Sanitation Coverage Metric (NFHS-6)

The survey metric measuring household access to improved sanitation facilities, discontinued after India was declared Open Defecation-Free in 2019.

Dropped Clean Cooking Fuel Metric (NFHS-6)

The survey metric tracking the proportion of households using clean fuel for cooking, previously linked to monitoring the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana.

Diet and Biomarkers Survey (DBS)

A dedicated national health survey launched in December 2022 by ICMR-NIN in Hyderabad designed to assess anaemia using venous blood analysis alongside dietary intake and obesity.

National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR-NIN)

An apex biomedical research institute under the Indian Council of Medical Research that conducts the national Diet and Biomarkers Survey.

Sample Registration System (SRS)

A large-scale demographic survey conducted by the Office of the Registrar General of India that tracks vital statistics including the Infant Mortality Rate, recorded at 24 per $1{,}000$ live births.

Caesarean Delivery Surge (NFHS-6)

The national rise in C-section deliveries from $21.5\%$ in NFHS-5 to $27.2\%$ in NFHS-6, exceeding the WHO recommended threshold of $10\text{--}15\%$.

Private Hospital C-Section Disparity

The significant divergence in caesarean section rates documented in NFHS-6, where private health facilities recorded $54.1\%$ compared to $16.9\%$ in public facilities.

Stunting (NFHS-6)

Impaired growth and development in children caused by chronic undernutrition, which declined from $35.5\%$ in NFHS-5 to $29.3\%$ in NFHS-6.

Severe Wasting Trend (NFHS-6)

The acute acute malnutrition metric in children under five, which dropped nationally from $7.7\%$ in NFHS-5 to $5.2\%$ in NFHS-6.

Underweight Children (NFHS-6)

The share of children with low weight-for-age, which showed marginal movement from $32.1\%$ in NFHS-5 to $31.8\%$ in NFHS-6.

Complementary Feeding (NFHS-6)

The introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods to infants aged 6 to 8 months, which improved from $45.9\%$ in NFHS-5 to $59.5\%$ in NFHS-6.

Women's Obesity Rate (NFHS-6)

The proportion of women aged 15 to 49 classified as overweight or obese, which rose from $24\%$ in NFHS-5 to $30.7\%$ nationally in NFHS-6.

Urban Women Obesity Rate (NFHS-6)

The disproportionately high obesity prevalence of $42.8\%$ documented among urban female populations in the NFHS-6 findings.

Men's Obesity Rate (NFHS-6)

The proportion of adult men aged 15 to 49 categorized as overweight or obese, rising from $22.9\%$ in NFHS-5 to $27.3\%$ in NFHS-6.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children expected to be born alive to a woman across her childbearing years ($15\text{--}49$ years) based on current age-specific fertility rates.

Replacement Level Fertility

The total fertility rate—globally set at $2.1$ children per woman—required for a population to replace itself from one generation to the next without migration.

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR)

The percentage of women of reproductive age who are currently using, or whose sexual partner is using, at least one contraceptive method.

Modern Contraceptive Use Decline (NFHS-6)

The unexpected decline in the use of modern family planning methods among currently married women, dropping from $56.4\%$ in NFHS-5 to $52.7\%$ in NFHS-6.

Exclusive Breastfeeding Decline (NFHS-6)

A nutrition indicator tracking infants under six months fed exclusively breast milk, which fell by nearly eight percentage points in NFHS-6.

Stunting (Definition)

Low height-for-age in children caused by long-term, recurrent undernutrition, frequent infections, and inadequate psychosocial stimulation.

Wasting (Definition)

Low weight-for-height indicating recent, severe acute weight loss or chronic malnutrition, posing a high risk of child mortality if unaddressed.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of child deaths under one year of age per $1{,}000$ live births occurring in a given geographic region during a specific year.

Antenatal Care (ANC) Registration (NFHS-6)

The percentage of pregnant women registered for antenatal care, recorded at $95.9\%$ in NFHS-6.

Four ANC Visits Continuity Gap

The maternal health challenge where more than one-third of expectant mothers in India fail to complete the recommended minimum of four antenatal care visits.

Iron and Folic Acid (IFA) Consumption (NFHS-6)

The percentage of pregnant mothers who took iron and folic acid supplements for $100$ or more days, which improved from $44.1\%$ to $54.9\%$ in NFHS-6.

Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3)

The United Nations global development goal dedicated to ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all individuals at all ages by 2030.

SDG 3 Maternal Mortality Target

The global target under SDG 3 to reduce the maternal mortality ratio to less than $70$ maternal deaths per $100{,}000$ live births by 2030.

SDG 3 Premature NCD Target

The target under SDG 3 requiring countries to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by one-third through prevention and treatment by 2030.

National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA)

Legislation providing legal entitlements to subsidized foodgrains for up to $75\%$ of rural and $50\%$ of urban populations across India.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) Entitlement

The monthly foodgrain entitlement under the NFSA guaranteeing $35\,\text{kg}$ of foodgrains per poorest household per month.

Priority Households (PHH) Entitlement

The foodgrain allocation under the NFSA entitling eligible individuals to $5\,\text{kg}$ of foodgrains per person per month.

Head of Household (NFSA 2013)

The statutory requirement designating the eldest female member of the family aged 18 years or above as the head of the household for ration card issuance.

Wholesale Price Index (WPI)

A macroeconomic indicator measuring the average change in the prices of physical goods traded in bulk at the wholesale level, reflecting supply-side inflation.

WPI Base Year Revision (2022-23)

The administrative update approved by DPIIT changing the baseline reference year of the Wholesale Price Index from 2011-12 to 2022-23.

Revised WPI Item Basket

The expanded commodity coverage in the Wholesale Price Index, increasing from 697 items to 957 items.

Office of the Economic Adviser (OEA)

The statutory office within the DPIIT responsible for compiling and releasing the WPI and the new Producer Price Index series.

TAC-SPCL

The Technical Advisory Committee on Statistics of Prices and Cost of Living, which examined and recommended the compilation methodology for revised WPI and PPI.

National Statistical Commission (NSC)

The apex statistical body that reviewed and endorsed the updated methodologies for the WPI and PPI frameworks.