Muscle Powered Movement (41-45)

What feature of the homo sapiens gives them an evolutionary advantage over Neaderthals?

Their taller, slimmer build

Compared to the modern human where is the cranium located on neaderthals?

Lower cranium

Compared to the modern human the bowride, nose, and rib cage are what?

Larger

Compared to the modern human the forearms on a Neanderthal are what?

Shorter

Compared to the modern human the rib cage and hips on a Neanderthal are what?>

Broader

Compared to the modern human the Tibia on a Neanderthals are what?

Shorter

Where were the oldest traces of homo sapiens found?

African continent

What did homo sapiens slimmer and taller builds allow for?

Survival on less food in ahrd times

Why were the Neanderthals disadvantaged compared to Modern humans?

They were more heavily built and needed more food

How were the humans technologically superior to the Neanderthals?

They were better at crafting elongated, stronger blades which were attached to throwing spears, making them more successful hunters w less injuries

What was the artistic legacy of homo sapiens?

Etchings, bone carvings, cave paintings, and bone flutes

Do we know what the music of ancient homo sapiens was like?

No

What was the first destination of Homo Sapiens migrating out of Africa?

Asia

When did humans first arrive in asia?

80k-60k years ago

When did humans first reach Europe?

40,000 years ago

The modern humans pushed the neanderthals where?

Less-hospitable modern regions

When did Neanderthals go extinct?

25,000 years ago

When did humans first reach North America?

15,000 years ago

After reaching North America where did humans go?

South America

What was humans first mode of transportation?

Feet

What rideable species existed at the time but weren;t used for transportation?

Horses and camels

Why did humans not domesticate and ride horses/camels in ancient times?

They hunted them for food

When did humans begin domesticating horses?

4000 BCE

When did humans begin domesticating camels?

Sometime before 2000 BCE

When did Paul Salopek decide to trace the migration route taken by ancient homo sapiens from Africa to North America with his feet?

January 2013

When was Paul Salopek Born?

1962

In the Music Resource Guide the image of a rib bone fragment contains what?

An image of a horse’s head dating back 12,500 years

How long was the migration pathway that Paul Salopek decided to trade with his feet?

24,000 miles

The Music resource guide deoicts a fossilized skull of what animal from the Azerbaijan region?

Horse skull

The Horse skull from the Azerbaijan region dates back to when?

180,000 to 70,000 years ago

Where did the Paul Salopek start his journey?

Herto Bouri, Ethiopia

Why did Paul Salopek start his journey in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia?

It was where the earliest remains of homo sapiens were discovered

What was the earliest remains of homo sapiens called? Why?

“Herto Man;” It was found in Herto Bouri, Ethiopia.

How old is the “Herto man” fossil?

160,000 years old

Where will Salopek’s journey end?

Tierra Del Fuego

Where is Tierra del Fuego?

Southern tip of South America

What does Salopek call his expedition?

“Out of Eden Walk”

What website posts updates of Salopek’s travels?

National Geographic

At what frequency does national geographic post updates on Salopek’s travels?

Periodically

How long did Salopek initially think his journey would be?

7 years

As of 2025 what is the status of Salopek’s journey?

Been walking over a dozen years and still has more than HALf the DISTANce to cover

What is “Homo Sapiens” regarded as in taxonomy? What about “Idaltu?”

Species; Subspecies

Humans began using animals as transportation and what else?

Pack animals to carry heavy burdens

Camels became known as what?

The “ships of the desert”

Camel caravans transported the bulk of trade goods across where? When?

The middle East and western Asia during the first thousand years CE

What was another strong motivation for animal domestication?>

The invention of the wwheel

When was the wheel invented?>

3500 to 3350 BCE

What was the early evidence for the invention of the wheel?

Images of wagons on clay tablets from ancient Uruk, wagon ruts in the ground at Flintbek, and a depiction of a wheeled vehicle on a pot in Bronocice

Ancient Uruk is located in what present day nation>?

Iraq

Flintbek is in what present day country>?

Northern Germany

Bronocice was located in what present day country?

Southern Poland

Larger 4 wheeled wagons relied on what to be moved?

Oxen, horses, and other strong ‘beasts of burden’

What exciting innovation came from Europe in 1817?

Laufmaschine

When was the Laufmaschine invented?

June 12 1817

Where was the laufmaschine invented?

Mannheim, Germany

Who invented the laufmaschine?

Karl von Drais de Sauerbrun (Karl von Drais)

What was Baron karl von Drais de Sauerbrun’s lifespan?

1785-1851

Who was Baron karl von Drais de Sauerbrun in the community?

A local aristocrat

Citiizens were astonished to see what on 12 June 1817?

Baron von Drais riding a wooden frame with 2 wheels and a padded arm rest

What modern invention did the Laufmaschine resemble?

Modern day bicycle

What was different between the laufmaschine and the modern bicycle?

There was no pedals

How did the Laufmaschine work?

The Baron von Drais used his legs to push the vehicle forward and then lifted his legs to coast

The process by which baron von Drais moved the Laufmaschine is similar to what modern transports?

Unmotorized scooter or skateboard

The baron was able to travel at what speeds on his laufmaschine?

8.7 miles/14 km in less than an hour

The baron could travel at speeds faster than ___________ _____________ on his Laufmaschine

Mail ccoach

A person from what age crafted a 4 wheeled wagon?

Bronze age

When was the bronze age?

2100-1900 BCE

What does the word Laufmaschinee translate to?

Running machine

People began referring to the Laufmaschine as what?

Dandyhorse or draisine

What happened to Baron von Drais’s Laufmaschine/dandyhorse/draisine after he introduced them?

They gained popularity after 1817

Who manufactured velocipedes?

Pierre Michaux

When did Pierre Michaux advertise his velocipedes?

1869

The dandyhorse was exceptionally fast on what surfaces?

Downward sloping surfaces

Improvements to the dandyhorse came at what rate?

Slowly

When was the first notable improvement to the dandyhorse?

1839 (29 years after invention)

Who added a “pedal” to the dandyhorse?

Kirkpatrick Macmillan

Kirkpatrick macmillan was of what nationality?

Scottish

What was kirkpatrick macmillan’s occupation?

Blacksmith

Macmillan's system comprised of what components to allow the rider to “pedal”

Rods, levels, and cranks

Macmillan’s design resembled what?

A treadle

Treadle’s were common on what household appliance?

Sewing machines

The next major innovation to the dandyhorse was when?

1860’s

Who came up with the second major improvement to the dandyhorse?

Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement

What was Pierre michaux’s lifespan

1813-83

What was Pierre lallement’s lifespan?

1843-91

Pierre michaux and Pierre lallement were of what nationality?

French

What improvement did Pierre Michaux and Pierre lalle,ment make to the dandyhorse?

They put pedals on the front wheels to operate the cranks

What term did Pierre Michaux and Pierre Lallement use for their machine?

Velocipede

What does velocipede translate to?

“Fast feet”

What did many people call the velocipede? Why?

Boneshaker; Its wooden wheels gave no cushioning over rough ground/cobblestone roads

What improvement to the velocipede was not effective?

A switch to iron wheels over the previous wooden ones did not improve the comfortability

What new design was developed in the 1870’s to fix the issue with the velocipede’s "roughness?”

A “high-wheeler” design nicknamed the “penny-farthing”

What does the name penny-farthing refer to?

2 British coins of very different diameters

The contrast in size between the wheels is similar to the difference between which 2 coins?

Half dollar and dime

The front wheels of the penny-farthing was what size?

5 feet in diameter

The front wheel of the penny-farthing is bigger/smaller by what factor compared to the size of a modern bicycle?

Roughly 2x bigger

What is the size of rear wheel on the penny-farthing?

16 inches across

What was another nickname for the penny-farthing?

Widow-maker

Why was the penny-farthing nicknamed the widow-maker?

It was dangerous to operate

The falls off the widow-maker became known as what?

Taking a header