Developing Through the Lifespan (1) L6

Developmental psychology

Scientific study of patterns of change and stability in humans

• the pattern of change from conception through the lifespan

  • “womb to tomb”

Behavior genetics

study of genetic and environmental bases of individual differences in behavior and personality

Heritability

statistical estimate of contribution of heredity to individual differences

Adoption studies

compare adopted children to adoptive families and biological families

Twin studies

compare pairs of monozygotic and same-sex dizygotic twins

Adoption twin studies

compare MZ twins separated in infancy and MZ twines reared togetherMO

Monozygotic (MZ)

twins that share 100% genes

Dizygotic (DZ)

share 50% genes (on average)

Reflexes

automatic responses to specific stimulus

Primitive reflexes

Sucking

Rooting

Moro

Grasping

Babinsky

Rooting

something touches the babies cheek & it starts sucking

Moro

startle reflex (jump their arms out to their side)

Babinski

stroking the bottom of a babies foot will cause their toes to fan out or curl

Infant reflexes overitme

dissapears eventually; shows the development of nervous system

Assimilation

fitting new information into present systems of knowledge (schema)

Accomidation

as a result of new information (changing existing schema)

Sensorimotor stage

birth to 2 years

looking, sucking, touching

develop object permanence- understanding that something continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

object permanence

understanding that something continues to exist even when it cannot be seen

Preoperational stage

age 2-7

egocentric- only use their own frame of reference

animalistic thinking- attribute life to objects

• cannot grasp concept of conservation- understanding the physical properties do not change then appearance changes

Egocentric

a child uses their own frame of reference

Animalistic thinking

attribute life to objects

Conservation

understanding that physical properties do not change when appearance changes

Concrete operatins stage

age 7-11

can understand conservation, reversibility, transitivity

Reversibility

idea that stimulus that has been changes can return to its original state

Transitivity

understanding how components in a series are related

Formal operational stage

age 11- adulthood

abstract systematic reasoning

thinking about future possibilities

Zone of proximal development

level at which a child can almost prefer a task independently

Scaffolding

teacher adjusts amount of support to childs level of development

Theory of mind

understanding how other people think

Trust vs. mistrust

birth to 1 year

trust- allows formation of intimate relationships

Autonomy vs shame and doubt

1-3

independence and self control

Initiative vs guild

3-5

am I good or bad?

Industry vs inferiority

6-11

sense of competence or inadequacy

Attatchment

enduring, emotional bond between infant and another personH

Harlow

Soft content (important)

Attachment style

Secure- adult as a secure base form which to explore

Insecure- anxious/ambivalent (resistant)

Insecure- avoidant

What causes insecure attachment?

temperament

stressful home life

parenting

Long term effects of attachment

attachment security affects emotional, social and cognitive competence

• size of vocab

• interpersonal interaction

• emotions

Ethological theory (Bowbly)

babies have biologically programmed behaviors that prompt others to care for them

Authoritarian parenting style

low warmth, high control

• controlling, demanding, high emphasis on obedience

• very restrictive, lots of rules

Permissive parenting style

high warmth, low control

• very few rules or restrictions

Uninvolved (neglectful) parenting style

low warmth, low control

• least effective, most detrimental

Authoritative parenting style

high warmth, high control

• not overly demanding or hostile

• child centered

Authoritative parenting outcome

most optimal

higher grades, cooperative

Authroitarian parenting outcome

lower grades, lower self esteem

Permissive parenting outcome

easily frustrated, low self control

Uninvolved parenting outcome

low self esteem, emotionally detached