Bio 3 midterm

Pancreas (Tissue/Organ Systems)

95-98% Exocrine/Epithelial: Pancreatic acini + Duct cells, 2-5% Endocrine: Islets of Langerhans.
Part of the Digestive and Endocrine systems.

Pancreas (function)

Produce and release digestive enzymes like Amylase, Lipase, and Protease. The Islets of Langerhans make Insulin and Glucagon to control blood sugar.

Adrenal Glands (Tissue/Organ Systems)

The Cortex is made out of Epithelial tissue, Medulla made out of specialized Neuroendocrine cells
Part of the Endocrine system.

Adrenal Glands (function)

Regulates blood pressure and metabolism by producing Aldosterone and Cortisol.

Adipose Tissue (Tissue/Organ Systems)

Is a type of connective tissue called Adipocytes.
Part of many systems: Endocrine, Integumentary, Musculoskeletal, Cardiovascular, and Digestive.

Adipose Tissue (function)

Is body fat, stores energy in the form of lipids and released energy from lipids. Also keeps body temperature and other things in check.

Esophagus (Tissue/Organ Systems)

Epithelial, connective, and muscle tissues in 4 layers.
Part of the Digestive system.

Esophagus (function)

Transports food and liquids from throat to stomach.

Stomach (Tissue/Organ Systems)

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nervous tissue.
Part of the digestive system.

Stomach (function)

Holds and digests food from the esophagus. Also sends hunger signals to the brain.

Small Intestine (Tissue/Organ Systems)

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous tissue.
Part of the digestive system

Small Intestine (function)

Breaks down the partially digested food from the stomach, also absorbs nutrients using Villi and Microvilli.

Kidney (Tissue/Organ Systems)

Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscle tissues. Also uses vascular tissue made up of connective epithelial and muscle.
Part of the excretory system.

Kidney (function)

Filters out waste from blood into urine and regulates blood. Uses Nephrons.

Trachea (Organ Systems)

Respiratory

Trachea (function)

The windpipe. Brings air to and from the lungs.

Lungs (Organ Systems)

Respiratory, also helps with cardiovascular

Lungs (function)

Absorbs oxygen from air and brings it into blood.

Arteries and Veins (Organ Systems)

Cardiovascular

Arteries and Veins (function)

Carries blood all across the body.

Nerves (Organ Systems)

Nervous

Nerves (function)

Carries neural signals across the body.

Blood (Organ Systems)

Cardiovascular/Circulatory

Blood (function)

Carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones across the body. White blood cells also fight infection. Is also used for temperature regulation.

Cardiac Muscle (Organ Systems)

Cardiovascular

Cardiac Muscle (function)

Only in the heart, helps pump blood and circulate around the body.

Peripheral Nerve (Nervous system division)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Peripheral Nerve (function)

Connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. Afferent neurons bring signals from the body to the brain, and efferent brings signals from brain to the body.

Neuron Motor Nerve Cells (Nervous system division)

Motor division of the PNS

Neuron Motor Nerve Cells (function)

Carries signals to muscles so the body can move and function.

Cerebellum (Nervous system division)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Cerebellum (function)

Takes movement inputs and smooths them out to be functional, keeps balance and posture, and also helps build muscle memory.

Spinal Cord (Nervous system division)

Central Nervous System (CNS)

Spinal Cord (function)

Connects body signals to the brain, having both ascending and descending signals from brain to the body. Is responsible for reflexes.

Testes (Organ System)

Reproductive, Endocrine

Testes (function)

Produce sperm and hormones, primarily testosterone

Sperm (Organ Systems)

Reproductive

Sperm (function)

Delivers genetic material and fertilizes the egg.

Ovary (Organ Systems)

Reproductive, Endocrine

Ovary (function)

Stores and releases eggs. Also produces hormones, mainly estrogen

Uterus (Organ Systems)

Reproductive

Uterus (function)

Provides a place for fertilized eggs to mature and turn into an embryo. Helps during childbirth using contractions.

Bone (tissue types)

Almost all connective tissue, with some nervous and vascular in there.

Bone (function)

Keep the shape and structure of the body. Also protects important organs.

Cartilage (Tissue types)

connective

Cartilage (function)

Supports joints and cushions bones. Also gives shapes to some body parts like the nose.

Tendons (tissue types)

Made out of connective tissue, mainly collagen fibers.

Tendons (function)

Connects skeletal muscle and bones.

Adaptations

Genetic changes that occur over long times to a population. Cannot be reversed and must be heritable.

Acclimatization

Phenotypic changes in an Individual in response to short term changes in environment. Can be reversable.

The 4 types of tissue

Connective, Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial

Connective tissue

4 main types: Loose/Packing, Dense/fibrous, Supporting/structural, and fluid/transport
Used for energy storage, organ protection, body structure and to connect body tissues/parts.

Nervous Tissue

Neurons and other supporting cells. Used to generate, process and communicate signals across the body.

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac

Skeletal Muscle

Voluntary and Involuntary movements, striated. Includes things like the biceps that move your body.

Smooth muscle

Involuntary movements, unstriated

Cardiac Muscle

Involuntary movements, striated

Epithelial Tissue

Is the barrier between inside and outside, acts like a gatekeeper that controls what goes through.

Apical Surface faces to the environment
Basolateral surface faces the interior/rest of body
Basal Lamia connects to other tissues

Organs

Made out of tissue to serve a specific purpose, combined they make organ systems.

Organ systems

A group of organs that work together to achieve some function in the body.

Metabolic Rate

The overall rate of energy consumption by an individual

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The rate at which an animal consumes oxygen while at rest.

Measured in energy units per time or joule per hour per kg (J/(h*kg)).

Smaller animals have higher BMRs

Homeostais

The action of keeping conditions within the same comfortable range

Conformational homeostasis

When the body passively matching the conditions of an external environment

Regulatory Homeostasis

When the body changed and actively adapts due to changes in external or internal environments

3 roles of a homeostatic system

The Sensor, The integrator, and The effector.

for ex. Your skin sends the nerves that your arm is cold. Your brain receives that and decides shivering will warm you up, it then sends a signal to your muscles to start shivering.

Antagonistic Pairs

One set increases a parameter while the other reduces it. Inhibitory vs excitatory responses.

Countercurrent Heat Exchanges

When an animal transfers heat from arteries and veins that are parallel, forming a loop instead of both going the same direction. Is efficient because it keeps small gradients along both, with one side being warmer for both.

Diffusion

The movement of substances from a higher concentration to a lower one.

Osmosis

The movement of water from a higher concentration to lower, through a selectively permeable membrane.

Hypotonic

Lower concentration of solutes when compared to another solution.

Hypertonic

Higher concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Isotonic

Same concentration of solutes compared to another solution.

Osmoconformer

An animal that is isotonic to its surroundings.

Osmotic Stress

When the concentration in a cell or tissue is abnormal