skeletal system (zoology lec)

Bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments

Parts of skeletal system

Axial and appendicular

Two division of skeletal system

It is the support of the body

Bones

Protection of soft organs

Bones

206

How many bones does the skeleton have

Compact and spongy bone

Two basic typed of bone tissue

Compact bone

Homogeneous type of bone tissue

Spongy bone

Small needle-like bone (many open spaces)

Long, short, flat, irregular

Classification of bones

Long bones

Bones that is longer than wider, have shaft with heads at both ends

Femur, humerus

Example of long bones

Short bones

Bones that is cube-shaped and spongy

Carpals, tarsals

Example of short bones

Flat bones

Bones that is Thin, flatted and curve.

Flat bones

Found around a layer of spongy bone

Flat bones

Skull, ribs and sternum

Irregular bones

Irregular shape and does not fit into other classification

Irregular bone

Vertebrae, hip

Diaphysis, Epiphysis

Gross anatomy of a long bone

Diaphysis

Shaft and compost of compact bone

Epiphysis

Ends of the bone and composed of spongy bone

Periosteum, sharpey’s fibers, arteries, articular cartilage

Structure of a long bone

Periosteum

Outside covering of diaphysis that has fibrous CT membrane

Sharpey’s fibers

Secure periosteum to underlying bone

Arteries

Supply bone cells with nutrients

Articular cartilage

Covers the external surface of the epiphyses

Articular cartilage

Part of bone that is made of hyaline cartilage that decreases friction at joint surface

Medullary cavity

Cavity of the shaft

Yellow marrow (fat)

medullary cavity in adults

Red marrow (blood)

Medullary cavity in infants

Osteon (haversian system)

Unit of bone

Central (haversian) canal

Opening in the center of an osteon that carries blodo vessels and nerves

Perforating (volkman’s) canal

Canal perpendicular to the central canal that carries blood vessels and nerves

Lacunae

Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)

Lacunae

Anatomy of bone that is arranged in concentric rings

Lamellae

Rings around the central canal

Lamellae

Sites of lacunae

Canaliculi

Tiny canals that radiate from central canal to lacunae (transport system)

Bone

During development, cartilage is replaced by?

Hyaline cartilage

What is the skeleton in embryos

Bridge of nose, ribs and joints

Cartilage locationp

Epiphyseal plates

It allows for growth of long bine during childhood

New cartilage formed - older cartilage becomes ossified - cartilage broken down - bone replaces cartilage

Bone growth?

remodeled and lengthened

Bones are ____________ until growth stops

Osteocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Types of bone cells

Osteocytes

Mature bone cells

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells

Osteoclasts

Bone-destroying cells

Osteoclasts

Break doen of bine matrix for remodeling and release of calcium

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Bone remodeling is process by what?

Bone fracture

A break in a bone

Open (compound) and closed (simple)

Types of bone fractures

Closed (simple)

Break that does not penetrate the skin

Open (compound)

broken bone penetrates through the skin

reduction and immobilization

Bone fractures are treated by

Axial skeleton

Longitudinal part of the body

Skull, vertebral column, bony thorax

Three parts of axial skeleton

Skull

Bone that are joined by sutures

Cranium and facial bones

Two sets of bones

Mandible

What part of skull is attached by a freely movable joint

Paranasal sinuses

Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity

Lighten the skull, give resonance and amplification to voice

Function of paranasal sinuses

Hyoid bone

Bone that articulate with another bone

Hyoid bone

Bone that serves as a moveable base for the tongue

Vertebral column

Vertebrae that is seperated bt intervertebral disc

Vertebral column

The spine has a normal curvature

Vertebral column

Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

Bony thorax

Forms a cage to protect major organs

Sternum, ribs, thoracic vertebrae

Three parts of bony thorax

Limbs, pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle

Appendicular skeleton

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

Bones that allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Clavicle and scapula

Two bones in pectoral girdle

Clavicle

Collarbone

Scapula

Shoulder blade

Humerus

Bone in upper limb

Ulna and radius

Two bones of forearm

Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

Bones in the Hand

Carpals

Wrist

Metacarpals

Palms

Phalanges

Fingers

Pelvic girdle

Hip bones

Ilium, Ischium, pubic bone

Three bones od pelvic girdle

Pelvis

Total weight of the upper body rests on?

Reproductive, urinary bladder, large intestine

What organs does pelvic girdle protect

Lower limb

Bone on thigh

Femur

Thigh bone

Tibia, fibula

Two leg bones

Tarsus, metatarsals, phalanges

Bones on foot

Tarsus

Ankle

Metatarsals

Sole

Pahalanges

Toes

Joints

Articulation of bones

Hold bones tighter, mobility

Function of joints

Functionally, structurally

Two classification of joints

Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, diarthroses

Functional classification of joints

Synarthroses

Immovable joints

Amphiarthroses

Slightly moveable joints

Diarthroses

Freely moveable joints

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

Structural classification of joints

Fibrous joints

Generally immovable