Life Science 7A AoL 2 Topics

Oxidation: Gaining/losing electrons

Losing electrons

Reduction: Gaining/losing electrons

Gaining electrons

In eukaryotes, where does glycolysis take place?

Cytoplasm

How is ATP produced in cellular respiration?

Substrate-level phosphorylation & oxidative phosphorylation

Which process in cellular respiration produces more ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation

In order for an electron to keep moving down the transport chain, the redox potentials should become increasingly more positive/negative and why?

Positive because more positive values indicate a stronger tendency to gain electrons

If an electron gets stuck in the ETC due to a change in the redox potential, where does it get stuck?

The redox potential just before the change because the changed one can’t accept the electron

Intermembrane space

The space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes

Mitochondrial matrix

The space enclosed by the inner membrane of the mitochondria

What are the 4 stages of Cellular Respiration?

1. Glycolysis

2. Pyruvate Oxidation

3. Citric Acid Cycle

4. Oxidative Phosphorylation

Glycolysis Overview

Glucose is broken down to pyruvate, producing ATP & reduced electron carriers

Pyruvate Oxidation Overview

Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, producing reduced electron carriers and CO_2

Citric Acid Cycle Overview

Acetyl-CoA enters, which produces ATP, reduced electron carriers, and CO_2

Oxidative Phosphorylation Overview

Reduced electron carriers donate electrons to the ETC, leading to the synthesis of ATP

Glycolysis Inputs

1 glucose

Glycolysis Outputs

2 3-C pyruvates, 2 ATPs, & 2 NADHs

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

Where does the Citric Acid Cycle occur?

Mitochondrial matrix

Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Inner mitochondrial membrane

Oxidation causes a(n) increase/decrease in potential energy

Decrease

Reduction causes a(n) increase/decrease in potential energy

Increase

Structure of ATP Synthase

F0 and F1 subunits

How does ATP Synthase synthesize ATP?

F0 forms a channel that rotates as protons enter it and F1 uses this rotational energy to catalyze the synthesis of ATP

Steps of glycolysis

1. Preparation

2. Cleavage

3. Payoff

Preparation Stage of Glycolysis

2 phosphate groups are added to the glucose molecule

Cleavage Stage of Glycolysis

The 6-Carbon glucose is split into 2 3-Carbon molecules

Payoff Stage of Glycolysis

ATP, NADH, & 2 pyruvates produced

Output of glycolysis

ATP, NADH, & 2 pyruvates

Input of Pyruvate Oxidation (One cycle)

1 pyruvate

Output of Pyruvate Oxidation (One cycle)

1 CO_2, 1 NADH, 1 acetyl-CoA

Input of the Citric Acid Cycle

2 acetyl-CoAs

Ouptut of the Citric Acid Cycle

2 ATPs, 6 NADHs, 2 FADH_2s

Input of Oxidative Phosphorylation

Electrons carried by NADH and FADH_2,

Output of Oxidative Phosphorylation

ATP & H_2O

Reducing NAD+ is endergonic/exergonic

Endergonic

Oxidizing NADH is endergonic/exergonic

Exergonic

Location of light-dependent reactions

Thylakoid membrane

Location of the Calvin Cycle

Stroma

Inputs of the light-dependent reactions

H_2O, light, NADP+, ADP

Outputs of the light-dependent reactions

O_2, NADPH, ATP

Inputs of the Calvin Cycle

CO_2, NADPH, ATP

Outputs of the Calvin Cycle

G3P, ADP, Pi, NADP+

Main goal of lactic acid fermentation

Produce NAD+