unit 4 history test

Stupa

________- domed monument that included a relic of buddha or scenes from his teachings.

Mahayana

________- more mystical; some have declared buddha divine.

Vajrayana

________- practiced mostly in tibet; makes mandala art made of sand; yoga and meditation.

Arthashastra

________- how to rule handbook for rulers in muryan empire.

Xuanzang

________- known was traveling widely and gathering untranslated texts and translating them into chinese.

Bodhisattva

________- people who have achieved all but enlightenment; stop being reincarnated; stay on earth to help other people on path to enlightenment.

Covenant

________- a promise with god that said that the jews were gods chosen people.

Orissa

________- spirits who possessed people to deliver messages.

Brahma

________- god who is the life giving force of the universe.

Dhamma

________ (Dharma)- helps you end up where you should and is good for community; responsibilites.

Shiva

________- deity that represents destruction.

Chandragupta II he

________ expanded the gupta empire; patron of the arts- helped promote hinduism.

Animism

________- see the world as ________, spirits inhabiting everything.

Rock

________ and Pillar Edicts- where the laws of mauryan, mixed moral and law ideas, shared buddhist philosphy; were written by ashoka.

Theravada

________- the way of the ancestors; following buddhists examples as closely as possible; argued as a philosophy.

Kumarajiva

________- lived in 300- 400 CE; buddhist translator who clarified ideas and made buddhist texts more accessible.

Ashoka king

________ who spread buddhism throughout asia; ruler of the mauryan empire- 268- 232; saw a rebellion against his empire where his people killed people and started to spread buddhism and follow its principle.

CE

Sogdians- 300- 700 ________, lived around modern tajikistan and uzbekistan.

Vishnu

________- deity that represents existence /growth.

Mahabharata

________*- one of the epics.

Complex Monotheism

________- one god who appears in different forms.

Bhagavad Gita

________*- most famous part of the Mahabharata.

Semitic

________- what jewish and arab people are referred to as; descendants of shem.

Sangha

________- buddhas close group- like jesus disciples.

kushan empire

Kanishka the Great- one of the rulers of the ________; devout buddhist; built stupas.

Siddhartha Gautama

________- person who started buddhism; buddha.

Ramayana

________*- meant to be inspiring; looked at during times of adversary because characters face a lot of challenges.

Buddha

________- started Buddhism, awoke by realizing everyone is united by suffering.

Hinduism

________- very decentralized religion; when mixed with brahmanism.

Syncretism

________- the mixing of religions.

Diaspora jews

________ exiled from rome for thousands of years.

Maya

________- illusion of separation of brahman and atman.

Brahman

________- world, spirit, reality truth.

Kami

________- name of spirits in shinto religion.

Polytheism

________- many gods.

Brahmanism

________- religion from central asia; turns into hinduism; agricultural structured developed from vedic religion.

Samsara reincarnation you

________ want out to live with brahma.

Israel

________- the name of the country for jews,

Babylonian Exile

________- period after conquest of babylonians; period after israel and judah conquered.

Karma

________- moral cause and effect- do the right thing- do dharma to get good karma.

Hebrew Bible

________- the torah that has jewish history and teachings; first five books of the bible.

Maurya Empire

________- unified india; shaundragupta founded it; fell because of treasury; had spy network; large military; civil laws to govern traders and merchants; had centralized government.

Brahma

________- deity that represents birth.

Stupa

domed monument that included a relic of buddha or scenes from his teachings

Xuanzang

known was traveling widely and gathering untranslated texts and translating them into chinese

Achaemenids/Achaemenid Dynasty

line of hereditary rulers

Cyrus II

king who founded achaemenid dynasty

Darius

king in persia, claimed he was appointed by ahura mazda

Infantry

foot soldiers

Light Cavalry

lightly armored soldiers with bow and arrow on horseback

Heavy Cavalry

large horses used to carry a fully armored soldier with heavy weapons

Mercenary

soldiers you can hire to fight in your army

Persepolis

capital city constructed under darius, place were ceremonies would be held

Ahura Mazda

god in persian society

Qanats

underground irrigation system still in use in iraq today

Land spearer

military bodyguard; darius was one

History

events that took place after written records were introduced

Prehistory

events that took place before written records

Anthropology

the study of past humans and human society

Archaeology

study of past humans and human society using remains

Radiocarbon Dating

it can be used for fossils up to 50,000 years old. Its the ratio between carbon

Stratigraphic Dating

the study of strata and the decay to find out how old it is

Homo Sapiens

modern humans

Paleolithic Era

old stone age when language came round

Creation Story

a story that tells how humans were created

Oral Tradition

knowledge or stories passed down from generation to generation by word of mouth (customs, history, spiritual beliefs)

Neolithic Revolution

the birth of agriculture/new stone age(polished stone tools)

Pastoralism

lifestyle; people who domesticate and herd animals

Domestication

trained wild animals (raising them for their own benefits)

Agrarian Society

societies that mostly depended on farming

City

contains tens of thousands

State

several cities plus surrounding villages

Civilization

large territories of cities and farmland ruled by a single person

Complex Societies

large concentrations of people that made more complex societies

“complex societies or civilizations, which share many features, including having a dense population, an agriculture

based economy, a social hierarchy, a division of labor and specialization, a centralized government, monuments, record

Surplus food

extra food

Intensification

many more people could be sustained in an area because they were getting more calories

zoonotic disease

a disease that jumps from animals to humans

City states

“self

Nile River

river in egypt

Divine kingship

a ruler was placed by gods or was an embodiment of a god

Hieroglyphics

”writing that used images to express sounds and meanings”

Irrigation

water system used for agriculture

Monumental architecture

great pyramid or sphinx, made to inspire awe and project power

Pharaoh

word used for the king

Sumeria

empire in mesopotamia

Assyrian Empire

Akkadian Empire

iraq

Babylonian Empire

iraq

Cuneiform

sumerian and akkadian written language

Code of Hammurabi

laws placed by akkadian king

Ziggurat

home for gods; where they are worshiped

Mesoamerica

central america(meso

Mesoamerican Ballgame

game created by olmec with

San Lorenzo

major city in olmec civilization

La Venta

major city in olmec civilization

Olmec Colossal Heads

heads made to honor past rulers

Andes

mountains in peru

Caral

oldest major city

Norte Chico

civilization in peru