CCJ Unit 2

Agressive patrol

seeking out criminal offenses

August Volmer

believed that the PD should be educated, trained, and well paid also free from political power, and implemented a code of ethics, banned political corruption, and outlawed police corruption

Automobile exception

with probable cause you can search a car without a warrant

bobbies

1000 constables that replaced previous watchmen

Broken Windows theory

theory that describes social disorder that occurs in rundown areas may lead to more serious offenses

Communications Assistance for Law Enforcement Act

allows federal agencies to more easily moniter phone calls and internet messages

Community policing

a philosophy and style of policing that adopts proactive measures and collaborates with community members

CompSTAT

computer technology to gather up to date and accurate information on crime within neighborhoods

Consent

When police officers ask for permission before searching your person/belongings, if you voluntarily say yes they do not need a warrant

Constable

operated in towns and was generally unarmed, unpaid, and part-time.

continuum of force

guideline for the degree of force and weapon an officer may use in an arrest

CopLink

offers tactical lead generation of crime analysis and info sharing among local, regional, state, and national law enforcement

covered jurisdiction

requiring federal oversight

crime triangle

the three factors that make up criminal activity 1. the desire to commit the crime 2. a suitable victim 3. the opportunity

defund the police

divert the funds to other agencies

discretion

allows police or others throughout the criminal justice system that flexibility to make an arrest or not

due process

protects citizens against abuse of government authority, established rules and principles designed to protect private rights

emergency doctrine

allows warrantless searches if concerns of evidence being destroyed or a threat for public safety

exclusionary rule

any evidence captured unconstitutional may not be used in a trial

exigent circumstances

no warrant needed emergency prevent escape, harm, destruction of evidence

bohr

earliest known system of policing in England, a unit responsible for policing and security made of 12 people

Frankpledge

(tything) system of enforcement that replaced borh, all men over 12 in 10 households

hundred

ten tythings

fruit of the poisonous tree doctrine

any additional evidence found as a result of the initial illegal police activity may be excluded in trial

fugitive law of 1850

required runaway slaves to return to masters and allowed arresting of those thought to be run away slaves, those who aided 6 months prison and a $1000 fine

fusion centers

facilitate information exchanges on intelligence gathered from confidential informants, surveillance, and crime statistics

grass eaters

officers who willing accept bribes to turn a blind eye

High-activity locational observation (HALO) cameras

help prevent crime, collect evidence, reduce gang loitering, and conduct drug string

hot-spots

specific geographically areas identified as high crime areas

incident to lawful arrest

once arrest police can search a person and belongings within arms reach around them

intelligence-led policing

emphasizes risk management and assessment, the approach relies on accountability and the need to use resources effectively

incident-driven policing

responding to calls for service initiated by citizens

inevitable discovery

without a warrant the police would have found the evidence

Jack Webb and dragnet

jack webb is accredited with creating the police procedural genre, followed a detective in the LAPD

law enforcement

prevention deterrence, apprehension of criminals

order maintenance

intervention and mediation of conflicts, restoring of peace

service

general public assistance, traffic control, wellness checks, etc.

less than lethal weapons

weapons that provide viable options for dealing with resisting suspects (pepper spray, rubber bullets, sedative darts)

literacy tests

tests used to deny African Americans the right to vote

Mandatory arrests policies

policies that limit police discretion in certain situations; they are frequently applied to incidents involving intimate partner violence

meat eaters

police that engage in corruption

Metropolitan Police Act of 1829

replaced the parish constables and night watch men with 1000 bobbies

modus operandi

classify offenders and crime and facilitate the identification of crime patterns to solve crime

omnibus crime and control and safe streets act

1. established law enforcement assistance administration charged with assisting jurisdictions in preventing and reducing crime and improving function of criminal justice system

2. addressed admissibility of confessions in criminal trials

3. established rules for obtaining wire tap orders

4. regulated fire arm sale and possession

patrol

backbone of policing, prevents crime, apprehend suspects, assist community members

peelers

Irish term for bobbies

peelian principles

philosophy of ethical police force

1. prevent crime without using repressive for and avoid having to call on military to control riots and disturbances

2. maintain public order by nonviolent means, use force only as last resort to obtain complaince

3. reduce conflict between the police and the public

4. show efficiency through absence of crime and disorder rather than visible police actions

plain view doctrine

if police see it out in the open they can take it

police matron

a female police officer responsible for the care searching supervision and welfare of female and child offenders and victims

police procedural TV programs

professional effective and solve crimes suing good detective work, highlights backstage behavior of crimes and justice professionals, cases commonly “ripped from headlines”

policing myths

1. policing is an action-packed profession

2. crime is something to “fight”

3. criminals are all dangerous

4. police are most effective when they “break the rules”

5. most crimes are solved (and quickly)

Jeremy Skolnick

created the “working personality of police” : danger and authority ‘us vs them’ mentality

proactive policing

efforts that involve crime prevention

private policing

policing provided by private entities; protection is extended to corporate executives and other high profile individuals

probable cause

a reasonable amount of suspicion, supported by circumstances sufficiently strong to justify a prudent and cautious persons belief that certain facts are probably true

problem-oriented policing

policing style that emphasizes data analysis and assessment to address crime problems

profiling

occurs when police question or stop a person based solely race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin

reactive policing

incident driven policing: responding to calls for service intended by citizens

qualified immunity

legal doctrine that protects police from personal liability in lawsuits

reasonable suspicion

objective basis supported by specific facts for believing someone committed a crime (no evidence)

Sir Robert Peel

father of modern policing

rotten apple theory

the idea that corruption in a police department can usually be traced back to a few officers

routine activities theory

the convergence of space and time of motivated offenders, suitable victims, and the absence of capable guardians increases the risk of criminal activity

SARA model

S-can identify analysis, response, assessment

A-nalyze research the problem

R-espond develop long-lasting solutions

A-ssess evaluate the success of the response

Sheriffs

early policing agents who were charged to pursue and apprehend criminals at great personal financial expense

shire Reeves

precursors to sheriffs

situational policing

tailoring police styles to the areas contexts

slave patrol

3-6 white men who regulated slaves behavior and captured and punished escaped slaves (first organized police organization)

stop and frisk

pat down

suspicion less searches

conducted based on place rather than wrong doing

thief takers

privately hired by victims to stop criminals (criminals themselves)

third degree

brutal activity police used to gather information

vigilantes

performed law enforcement duties with no authority

watchmen

based in cities to protect properties, wore leather helmets patrolled at night to stop robberies, fires, and other disturbances (little respect)

morality

dilemmas; preventing crime; discretion; coercive control

isolation

belief in hostile public

stress

external; operational; personal; organizational

zero tolerance

a policing approach that focuses enforcement efforts on quality of life issues such as disorder and minor crime