lab practical

amoeba

uni

hetertrophic

asexual

protista

spirostomum

uni

heterotrophic

asexual + sexual

protista

euglena

uni

auto + hetero

asexual

protista

peridinium

uni

auto + hetero

asexual

protista

hydra

multi

hetero

asexual + sexual

animalia

paramecium

uni

hetero

asexual + sexual

protista

planaria

multi

hetero

asexual + sexual

animalia

philodina (rotifer)

multi

hetero

asexual

animalia

spirogyra

multi

auto

sexual + asexual

protista

stentor

uni

hetero

asexual + sexual

protista

volvox

multi

auto

asexual + sexual

protista

water bears

multi

hetero

asexual + sexual

animalia

daphnia magna

multi

hetero

asexual + sexual

animalia

how to calculate total magnification

objective power times ocular power

ocular power always = 10x

water potential

more solute → lower water potential

water moves from high water potential to low water potential

water potential = solute potential/osmotic potential + pressure potential

solute potential: decreases (becomes more negative) when solute concentration increases; pure water has a solute potential of 0

• solute potential = -iCRT, i = # of particles solute makes when it dissolves, C = mole concentration, R = 0.0831, T = temp in kelvin

pressure potential: pushing down is positive pressure (ex. turgor pressure) while pulling up is negative pressure

rod shaped bacteria / bacillus

spiral shaped bacteria / spirillum

sphere shaped bacteria / coccus

plasmolysis

process in which a plant cell loses water when placed in a hypertonic solution (lower water potential / higher concentration of solutes)

• water moves out of the cell via osmosis → central vacuole shrinks → membrane pulls away from cell wall

leaf cross section diagram

labeled leaf cross section

how to tell difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles, only has nucleoid and some ribosomes

eukaryotic cells have nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, etc

how to tell difference between plant and animal cell

plant cell: cell wall, fixed / rigid shape, chloroplasts, one large central vacuole

animal cell: cell membrane, round / fluid, multiple small vacuoles

hyper / hypo / isotonic solutions

hypertonic solution: solution has a higher solute concentration outside the cell than inside → plasmolysis

isotonic solution: solution has the same solute concentration as the inside of the cell → cell maintains its normal size and shape

hypotonic solution: solution has a lower solute concentration outside the cell than inside → cell swells and expands

advantages of dissecting + compound microscope

dissecting:

+: used for looking at large specimen, 3D, greater depth of field

—: low magnification, low resolution

compound:

+: moderate-high magnification, used for looking at tiny samples

— : 2D, limited depth of field

osmosis definition

movement of water (solvent) through a semipermeable membrane; moves from dilute solution to concentrated solution (low solute concentration to high solute concentration)

diffusion definition

movement of particles from high solute concentration to low solute concentration

• if concentration increases then the rate of diffusion increases

• molar concentration → concentration gradient (difference in the amount of a solute between two regions)

• Ex. in the dialysis tubing experiment, as the molarity of the solution increased → mass in bag increased

• large solutes can not pass through selectively permeable membranes (ex. starch, protein)

• greater SA/V = less time for diffusion

• higher temp = less time for diffusion

  
  

after diffusion: free energy of the solution will be lower and entropy (disorder) will be higher

describe the effects of water gain or loss in animal and plant cells

animal cell:

• hypotonic solution = water gain; cell swells and can burst = lysis or hemolysis in red blood cells

• hypertonic solution = water loss; cell shrinks/shrivels = crenation

plant cell:

• hypotonic solution = water gain; turgor pressure (pressure of the fluid within the cell pushing up against the cell wall, helps maintain the structure of plants and prevents cell from bursting

• hypertonic solution = water loss; central vacuole, cell membrane pulls away from the cell wall = plasmolysis

dialysis

diffusion of solutes across cell membrane