BONES

Bone

Supports internal framework that supports the body and cradles its soft organs

Support, protection, movement, storage, blood cell formation

Functions of bones

Bone

It protects the body organs

Skull

Brain

Vertebrae

Spinal cord

Rib cage

Lungs, heart

Bone

Skeletal muscles attached to __ by tendons use __ as levers to move the body and parts, as result, there’s walking, breathing, and other related movements

Bone

Fat is stored in the bone marrow, stores minerals like calcium and phosphorous

Bone

Blood cell formation or hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of the bones

Calcium hydroxyapatite

Bones are made up of inorganic components __ which compromise 60% of the dry weight

Collagen

Bones are made up of organic component primarily __ which gives bone strength

Axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton

2 parts of skeleton in vertebrates

Axial skeleton

Consists of skull and vertebral column

Appendicular skeleton

Associated with limbs and girdles

Skull

Part of axial skeleton, highly complex housing brain and sensory organs

Vertebral column

Part of axial skeleton, forms the central axis protecting the spinal cord

Ribs and sternum

Part of axial skeleton, protects chest organs

Forelimbs and hindlimbs

Appendicular skeleton, digits into wing support, whale reduce __ entirely, horses fuse digits into hooves

Fish bone characteristics

Lightweight skeleton, many vertebrate and fin-supporting bones

Swimming

Fish main adaptation

Amphibians bone characteristics

Relatively light bones, fewer vertebrae, strong limb bones

Walking and swimming

Amphibians main adaptation

Reptiles bone characteristics

Strong, well-calcified bones, sturdy vertebral column and limbs

Crawling and walking

Reptiles main adaptation

Birds bone characteristics

Many bones are hollow and lightweight, some bones are fused

Flight

Birds main adaptation

Mammals bone characteristics

Dense, strong bones, highly developed limbs and joints

Walking, running, climbing

Mammals main adaptation

Internal endoskeleton

All vertebrates have an __

Vertebral column, skull

All vertebrates have __ and __

Fin rays

Fish have this to swim

Fused metacarpals, phalanges

Birds have wings and reduced digits for fliying

Paw

Mammals have this type of hand for walking or jumping

Human forelimbs

Primary function is for grasping and manipulation

Bird forelimbs

Primary function is for flight

Five digits

How many finger bones does a human forelimb have?

Reduced and fused digits

Finger bones in a bird’s forelimb

Dense, flexible hand

Bone structure of a human forelimb

Lightweight, adapted for wings

Bone structure of a bird forelimb

Fine motor control

Movement of human forelimb

Wing flapping and gliding

Movement of bird forelimb

Joints, cartilages, ligaments, tendons

Bones of the skeleton is made up of:

Ligaments

Bone to bone

Tendons

Muscle to bone

Axial

Form the longitudinal axis of the body

Appendicular

Bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

206

How many bones are there is a human skeletal system?

126

How many bones are there in the appendicular skeleton?

80

How many bones are there in the axial skeleton?

Suture

Are specialized fibrous joints that connect bones of the head

Coronal suture

Between frontal and parietal

Sagittal suture

Between two parietal bones

Lambdoidal suture

Between parietal and occipital

Squamousal suture

Between parietal and temporal

Fontanel

A membranous gap between the bones

Anterior fontanel

Junction between frontal and parietal

Posterior fontanel

A membranous gap between parietal and occipital

Sphenoidal fontanel

Between frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid

Anterolateral

Sphenoidal fontanel

Mastoid fontanel

Between parietal, occipital and temporal

Posterolateral

Mastoid fontanel

Bregma

Anterior fontanel

Anterior fontanel

Diamond-shaped, junction of sagittal, coronal sutures

Sagittal suture

Between two parietal bones, guides fetal head position in labor

Parietal bones

Form sides and roof of skull

Posterior fontanel

Triangular, junction of sagittal and lambdoid suture

Lambda

Posterior fontanel

Frontal bone

Forms forehead

Vertex

Area bounded by anterior and posterior fontanelles and parietal bones

Vertex

Common presenting part in labor

7

How many bones is cervical vertebra made up of?

12

How many bones is thoracic vertebra made up of?

5

How many bones is lumbar vertebra made up of?

5

How many bones is sacral vertebra made up of?

Sacrum

The five individual segments in the sacral vertebra fuse together to form this wedge-shaped bone

4

How many bones is coccygeal vertebra made up of?

C1-C7

Cervical vertebrae

Cervical vertebra

Smallest, with transverse foramen for arteries

Atlas

C1

Axis

C2

Atlas and axis

Are specialized bones for head movement located in the cervical vertebra

Cervical vertebra

Support head, allow rotation, and nodding

T1-T12

Thoracic vertebrae

Thoracic vertebra

Larger than cervical, with facets for rib articulation

Thoracic vertebra

Anchor ribs, protect __ organs

L1-L5

Lumbar vertebrae

Lumbar vertebra

Largest and strongest, short, blunt spinous process

Lumbar vertebra

Bear body weight, provide flexibility in lower back

S1-S5

Sacral vertebrae

Sacral vertebra

Fused triangular bone connecting spine to pelvis

Sacral vertebra

Stability, transmit weight to lower limbs

3-5

Coccygeal vertebrae

Coccygeal vertebra, coccyyx

Fused into __, small vestigial bones

Coccygeal vertebra

Attachment for ligaments and pelvic floor muscles

Compact bone

Dense, smooth and homogenous classification of bones

Spongy bone

Spiky, open appearance like a sponge classification of bone

Long group of bone

__ than they are wide, have a shaft with enlarged ends

Long group of bone

Mostly compact bones but also contain spongy in the ends, limbs, wrist

Flat group of bone

Thin, flattened, usually curved, skull, ribs sternum

Short group of bone

Cube-shaped, contain spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone