chapter 1 (longer)

What is Psychology?

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes, encompassing a wide range of human experiences and actions.

Four Goals of Psychology

1. Describe - systematically document behaviors. 2. Explain - understand reasons for behaviors. 3. Predict - forecast specific behaviors. 4. Change - apply principles to promote positive behaviors.

Wilhelm Wundt

Known as the 'father of psychology', established the first psychological laboratory in 1879.

Structuralism

Introduced by Edward Titchener, focused on breaking down mental processes into basic components through introspection.

Functionalism

Championed by William James, emphasized the purpose of mental processes in adapting to the environment.

Biopsychosocial Model

Integrates biological, psychological, and social factors to understand behavior and mental processes.

Basic Research

Aims to expand scientific knowledge without immediate practical application.

Applied Research

Focuses on solving real-world problems using psychological principles.

Descriptive Research

Observes and records behavior without manipulation, including methods like naturalistic observation, surveys, and case studies.

Correlational Research

Examines relationships between variables to predict outcomes without implying causation.

Experimental Research

Involves manipulation of variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships.

Ethical Guidelines in Research

Include informed consent, voluntary participation, confidentiality, and responsible use of deception.

Growth Mindset

The belief that abilities can improve with effort, fostering resilience and perseverance.

Metacognition

Reflecting on one's own learning processes to enhance understanding and retention.

Scientific Method

A systematic process involving observation, measurement, and experimentation to formulate and test hypotheses.

Who is associated with the concept of Growth Mindset?

Carol Dweck is associated with the concept of Growth Mindset.

What does the Biopsychosocial Model highlight?

The interrelated influences of biological, psychological, and social factors on behavior and mental processes.

What are the six steps of the Scientific Method?

1. Identify a problem. 2. Conduct background research. 3. Form a hypothesis. 4. Test the hypothesis. 5. Analyze data. 6. Draw conclusions.

What is the purpose of Descriptive Research?

To observe and record behavior without manipulating variables.

What is the role of Ethical Guidelines in Psychological Research?

To protect the rights and welfare of research participants and ensure integrity in research.