⭐⭐📝Midterm - Knowledges Checks

⭐Intercalated disks are present in which type of muscle?

A. Cardiac

B. Smooth

C. Skeletal

D. Voluntary

Cardiac

Developmental abnormalities are not associated with which number of chromosomes?

A. 44

B. 45

C. 46

D. 47

46

⭐The foramen ovale closes during the third week of prenatal life.

A. True

B. False

False

Which represent the first change in shape of the embryo’s body from a flat sheet of cells?

A. Formation of the embryonic disk.

B. Formation of neural folds.

C. Formation of cartilage.

D. Migration of myoblasts from the myotome.

Formation of neural folds.

⭐T cells, B cells, NK cells, and macrophages are produced in the _________.

A. spleen

B. cerebellum

C. lymph nodes

D. bone marrow

bone marrow

Each tissue originates from mesoderm, EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. Bone

B. Liver

C. Blood

D. Muscle

Liver

DNA replication takes place during the G1 phase of the cell cycle.

A. True

B. False

False

⭐Which hormone is produced by the placenta?

A. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

B. Prolactin

C. Progesterone

D. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Progesterone

⭐Tissues are most susceptible to teratogens during the proliferative period.

A. True

B. False

False

⭐Which cellular component facilitates protein synthesis?

A. Ribosomes

B. Lysosomes

C. Mitochondria

D. Plasmalemma

Ribosomes

⭐The embryonic skeleton first forms as bone.

A. True

B. False

False

The umbilical system carries oxygenated blood.

A. True

B. False

True

⭐Mitochondria produce which chemical for intracellular energy?

A. ADP

B. ATP

C. RNA

D. DNA

ATP

⭐The _______ provides an ideal environment for the implantation and growth of the embryo.

A. ovary

B. uterine tube

C. myometrium

D. endometrium

endometrium

⭐The foramen ovale is an opening between the right and left atria of the heart.

A. True

B. False

True

⭐Impulses pass from the CNS to involuntary muscles via the _____ system.

A. sensory

B. afferent

C. somatic

D. autonomic

autonomic

⭐Which type of tissue lines the respiratory tract to move foreign particles out of the respiratory system?

A. Dendrites

B. Neuroglia

C. Cilia

D. Sebaceous glands

Cilia

Equilibrium is controlled by tiny organs, which are located in the middle ear.

A. True

B. False

False

The spinal cord consists of how many segments?

A. 21

B. 22

C. 30

D. 31

31

Which term represents a single layer of cells?

A. Simple

B. Stratified

C. Cuboidal

D. Columnar

Simple

⭐Bone is calcified connective tissue.

A. True

B. False

True

⭐Which function is associated with the skin?

A. Excretes waste products

B. Absorbs nutrients from ingested food

C. Supplies a framework for muscle and ligament attachments

D. Relays information from the glands to the central nervous system

Excretes waste products

⭐Which of the following is not a type of cartilage?

A. Dense

B. Elastic

C. Fibrous

D. Hyaline

Dense

Which cell supports the nervous system?

A. Myoblast

B. Neuroglia

C. Leukocyte

D. Melanocyte

Neuroglia

⭐Connective tissue proper is classified as ______________.

A. dense, striated, or smooth

B. simple, stratified, or squamous

C. dense, loose, or loose with special properties

D. dense, elastic, or elastic with special properties

dense, loose, or loose with special properties

Blood provides protection from bacteria.

A. True

B. False

True

The absorption of nutrients occurs in which location?

A. Mouth

B. Stomach

C. Small intestine

D. Large intestine

Large intestine

⭐How does epithelial tissue renew itself?

A. Mitosis of the basal cells

B. Mitosis of the granular layer of cells

C. By shedding or sloughing the surface cells

D. Through nourishment of nearby blood vessels

Mitosis of the basal cells

Ligaments and tendons are composed of which tissue? A. Neural B. Muscle C. Epithelial D. Connective

Connective

⭐Osteoporosis affects men at an earlier age than women.

A. True

B. False

False

⭐Melanocytes are responsible for skin pigment.

A. True

B. False

True

The cardiovascular system originates from chondroblasts. A. True B. False

False

⭐Each of the following is a derivative of ectoderm EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION?

A. Tooth enamel

B. Tooth dentin

C. Epidermis

D. Nervous system

Tooth dentin

⭐Before the development of the vascular system, the vitelline system provides nutrients to the embryo.

A. True

B. False

True

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized as the initial resting stage? A. S phase B. G1 phase C. G2 phase D. Prophase

G1 phase

The cell may contain more than one nucleolus. A. True B. False

True

Endoderm and ectoderm are the first two germ layers to develop. A. True B. False

True

Smooth muscle is consciously controlled. A. True B. False

False

⭐Which organ system is the largest? A. Digestive B. Endocrine C. Respiratory D. Integumentary

Integumentary

Blood returns to the heart through A. capillaries. B. veins. C. large elastic arteries. D. smaller muscular arteries.

veins.

Which layer of epithelium is the deepest, germinating layer? A. Spinous layer B. Basal layer C. Granular layer D. Clear layer

Basal layer

Which body system relies on neural stimuli to function? A. Vascular B. Digestive C. Endocrine D. Respiratory

Digestive

Simple squamous epithelium functions as a lining in which location? A. Mouth B. Vagina C. Kidney D. Pharynx

Kidney

Neuroglia cells are __________ numerous than neurons. A. slightly less B. slightly more C. significantly less D. significantly more

significantly more

Internal organs (viscera) receive most of their neural impulses from which nervous system? A. Somatic B. Sensory C. Afferent D. Autonomic

Autonomic

Each is part of a neuron EXCEPT one. Which is the EXCEPTION? A. Axon B. Plasma C. Dendrite D. Perikaryon

Plasma

What are the three types of muscle tissue? A. Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth B. Striated, voluntary, and smooth C. Cardiac, skeletal, and voluntary D. Voluntary, involuntary, and striated

Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth

⭐Which epithelium consists of several layers, with only the basal cell layer in contact with the basal lamina?

A. Simple

B. Stratified

C. Squamous

D. Pseudostratified

Stratified

Which of the following insulates axons located outside the CNS? A. Bone B. Endomysium C. Myelin sheath D. Connective tissue

Myelin sheath

Which best describes diapedesis? A. Programmed cell death and fragmentation B. A protective mechanism in the immunologic defense of the body C. The development of a cartilage disk in the neck of each long bone D. The migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells to the site of infection

The migration of leukocytes between endothelial cells to the site of infection

Which organelle produces microtubules? A. Nucleus B. Centriole C. Golgi apparatus D. Endoplasmic reticulum

Centriole

Fertilization takes place in the distal part of the uterine tube. A. True B. False

True

Which type of bone formation occurs through a tight matrix of collagen fibers, which slowly calcify into bone? A. Endochondral B. Intramembranous C. Epiphyseal D. Interstitial growth

Intramembranous

Which is true regarding the central nervous system (CNS)? A. The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord. B. The CNS is composed of the brain, but not the spinal cord. C. The efferent system carries information from the peripheral nervous system to the CNS. D. The somatic nervous system carries impulse from the CNS to involuntary muscles.

The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

⭐Which organ is part of the lymphatic system?

A. Thyroid

B. Thymus

C. Pancreas

D. Parathyroid

Thymus

Impulses conducted from the periphery of the body (e.g., muscles, glands) to the central nervous system (CNS) are conducted through which system? A. Motor B. Somatic C. Afferent D. Autonomic

Afferent

Which organ system secretes and regulates hormones in the blood? A. Exocrine B. Endocrine C. Lymphatic system D. Neural system

Endocrine

The junctional epithelium of gingiva is replenished every _____ days. A. 1 to 3 B. 4 to 6 C. 7 to 9 D. 10 to 13

4 to 6

Which is a genetic disorder that makes teeth susceptible to excessive wear?

A. Cleft lip

B. Cleft palate

C. Dentinogenesis imperfecta

D. Thyroglossal duct cyst

Dentinogenesis imperfecta

The root lengthens more rapidly than the tooth erupts.

A. True

B. False

False

⭐During root development, the epithelial diaphragm __________.

A. fuses to the stratum intermedium

B. surrounds the apical opening of the dental pulp

C. forms the cortical plate, which covers the mandible

D. deposits an enamel matrix along the dentoenamel junction

surrounds the apical opening of the dental pulp

Accessory root canals connect the __________.

A. cementum with the enamel

B. pulp with the periodontal ligament

C. dentin with the alveolar bone proper

D. enamel with the junctional epithelium

pulp with the periodontal ligament

⭐Which layer of the enamel organ is most closely associated with blood vessels?

A. Stellate reticulum

B. Stratum intermedium

C. Inner enamel epithelium

D. Outer enamel epithelium

Outer enamel epithelium

Tooth development relies on an interaction between the ectoderm and mesenchyme.

A. True

B. False

True

⭐Which of the following best defines the term reduced enamel epithelium?

A. Noncalcified cementum

B. Material deposited by odontoblasts in response to trauma

C. Fused layer of ameloblasts, enamel epithelium, and stratum intermedium

D. Layer of outer root sheath cells that disperse into small clusters around the root

Fused layer of ameloblasts, enamel epithelium, and stratum intermedium

Precursor odontoblast cells use cell signaling to determine the correct starting position.

A. True

B. False

True

Which permanent tooth forms from the general lamina?

A. Molar

B. Incisor

C. Canine

D. Premolar

Molar

Which type of bone forms between the roots of multirooted teeth?

A. Alveolar bone proper

B. Lamina dura

C. Haverisan bone

D. Interradicular

Interradicular

Compact bone is the most highly calcified tissue in the human body.

A. True

B. False

False

Cementoblasts, fibroblasts, and osteoblasts originate from dental follicular cells.

A. True

B. False

True

⭐The periodontal ligament attaches which two surfaces?

A. Alveolar bone and cementum

B. Alveolar bone and enamel

C. Cementum and attached gingiva

D. Cementum and free gingiva

Alveolar bone and cementum

Which sequence reflects the correct order of appearance?

A. Predentin, ameloblasts, enamel, odontoblasts

B. Ameloblasts, enamel, odontoblasts, predentin

C. Ameloblasts, odontoblasts, predentin, enamel

D. Odontoblasts, enamel, ameloblasts, predentin

Ameloblasts, odontoblasts, predentin, enamel

⭐Tomes processes develop in which stage of ameloblast differentiation?

A. Secretion

B. Protection

C. Maturation

D. Organization

Secretion

Which type of teeth are not successors of primary teeth?

A. Adult incisors

B. Adult canines

C. Adult premolars

D. Adult molars

Adult molars

Eruptive movement of posterior teeth occurs occlusally through the bony crypt of the jaws to reach the mucosa.

A. True

B. False

True

⭐Special _______ cells destroy collagen fibers by ingestion.

A. fibroblast

B. osteoclast

C. osteoblast

D. amino acid

fibroblast

The reduced enamel epithelium fuses with the oral epithelium during prefunctional eruption.

A. True

B. False

True

Tooth eruption requires formation of the eruption

A. ruffled border.

B. diphyodont.

C. pathway.

D. leeway space.

pathway.

⭐Which structure(s) increase(s) the surface area of the osteoclast?

A. Fibroblasts

B. Ruffled border

C. Periodontal fibers

D. Epithelial diagram

Ruffled border

The mesiodistal size difference between a primary molar and a permanent premolar is called the ____.

A. leeway space

B. furcation zone

C. parietal plexus

D. incisor liability

leeway space

⭐The mixed dentition phase occurs from approximately _____ years of age.

A. birth to 2

B. 3 to 6

C. 8 to 12

D. 13 to 18

8 to 12

The lack of development of the pulp proliferative zone leads to root formation failure.

A. True

B. False

True

⭐Which of the following is the origin of osteoclasts?

A. Fibroblasts

B. Monocytes

C. Amino acids

D. Root resorption

Monocytes

The eruption process is rapid and continuous.

A. True

B. False

False

⭐Hard tissue resorption comprises which two phases?

A. Mineral and collagen phases

B. Prefunctional and functional phases

C. Extracellular and intracellular phases

D. Fibroblast eruptive and osteoclast functional phases

Extracellular and intracellular phases

Active osteoclasts are multinucleated.

A. True

B. False

True

Which of the following is clinically seen as tooth eruption?

A. Light and dark bands

B. Interlocking of the rods

C. Blanching of the mucosa

D. Crystallization of the enamel rods

Blanching of the mucosa

Osteoblasts are the active cells in both the formation and degradation of the collagen fibers.

A. True

B. False

False

⭐Primary teeth begin development at birth.

A. True

B. False

False

⭐Which tissue does not support the dentition?

A. Enamel

B. Cementum

C. Alveolar bone

D. Periodontal ligament

Enamel

After the enamel organ differentiates, the dental lamina begins to __________.

A. divide

B. reform

C. expand

D. degenerate

degenerate

The terminal bar apparatus is a series of hemidesmosomes.

A. True

B. False

False

Ameloblasts secrete enamel before odontoblasts secrete predentin.

A. True

B. False

False

⭐The stages of tooth development occur in which order?

A. Bud, cap, bell

B. Bell, bud, cap

C. Cap, bell, bud

D. Bud, bell, cap

Bud, cap, bell

Predentin calcifies to form dentin within ____ hours.

A. 12

B. 24

C. 48

D. 72

24

Which is the first functional stage of change that each ameloblast undergoes?

A. Secretion

B. Maturation

C. Morphogenesis

D. Organization and differentiation

Morphogenesis

Which of the following defines the functional eruption phase?

A. The first phase of tooth eruption, which includes eruptive movements during crown formation

B. The final stage, which includes occlusal wear of the enamel

C. The process of initiation of root development into the oral cavity

D. The final stage, in which the teeth require adjustments relative to the bony crypt

The final stage, which includes occlusal wear of the enamel

Which of the following occurs when root formation begins?

A. The epithelial root sheath proliferates.

B. The tooth’s crown tip enters the oral cavity.

C. Fibrous tissue surrounding the follicle increases.

D. Reduced enamel epithelium contacts and fuses with the oral epithelium.

The epithelial root sheath proliferates.

How many teeth are in the primary dentition and how many teeth are in the permanent dentition?

A. 20 in primary; 28 in permanent

B. 20 in primary; 32 in permanent

C. 32 in primary; 32 in permanent

D. 32 in primary; 52 in permanent

20 in primary; 32 in permanent

Shedding is the loss of mixed dentition caused by resorption of the roots.

A. True

B. False

True