Exam 2 REDO

Syntax

sentence and grammatical patterns

Syntax example

phrases, clauses, sentences

Constituents

syntactic units that fit into larger units that constitute sentences

constituent example

sentences → clauses → phrases → words

prescriptive

establish and enforce what we should say or write according to establish norms

prescriptive examples

Do not end a sentence with a preposition

descriptive

what speakers know about a language and how they use it

descriptive examples

Regular nouns form the plural by adding -s

dialect

patterned language variety

dialect example

Southern English vs Northern English

register

choices shaped by audience

register example

code-switching

pidgin

when speakers of two different languages come into contact over a long time and a simple language of communication will develop over time

creole

the process of different languages simplifying and mixing into a new form

creole example

Haitian creole are from French and Jamaican Creole

pidgin example

Tok Pisin

Native language

first language acquired from it being spoken around us as infants and children

Second language

language has been chosen to represent official status

second language example

language of government

foreign language

language has no official status but it is taught in schools as a foreign language example: China

selection

variety often chosen because most powerful or influential with social/ethnic group

selection example

close daily interaction of speakers/community

Codification

norms of variety established in written forms

codification example

dictionaries

Elaboration

flexibility and adaptability of variety to various contexts

elaboration example

science using Greek and Latin roots

implementation

rhetoric of prestige and national identity and availability of texts

implementation example

presence of a powerful model user

print conventions example

alphabet letters across the years

place names example

-boro, -borough, -burgh, -burg

absolute phrase

has a subject and verb but verb missing auxiliary, just “-ing” form

simple sentence

1 independent clause

compound sentence

2 independent clause

complex sentence

1 independent clause and 1 or more dependent clauses working

compound-complex

2 or more independent clauses and 1 or more dependent clauses

Old English

449-1066 CE, Heptarchy, Angles, Jutes, Old Norse

Middle English

1066-1476 CE, the Norman Conquest, Standard, Kentish

Early Modern English

1476-1776 CE, borrowing, affixation, final -e

Modern English and Late Modern English

1776-present, Emma,

syntax

sentence and grammatical structure

syntax example

word order in clauses and sentences