Bio 2.1.6 Speciallised Cells

What is cell differentiation?

The process by which cells develop specific functions and structures adapted for those functions.

What is the function of neutrophils?

Neutrophils defend the body against disease by engulfing foreign particles or pathogens.

How does the structure of neutrophils aid their function?

Their flexible shape allows them to engulf particles, and they contain many lysosomes with digestive enzymes.

What is the primary function of erythrocytes?

Erythrocytes carry oxygen in the blood.

What structural feature of erythrocytes enhances gas exchange?

Their biconcave disc shape provides a large surface area for gas exchange.

Why do erythrocytes lack a nucleus?

They have no nucleus to allow more room for hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen.

What role do epithelial cells play in the body?

Epithelial cells cover the surfaces of organs.

What is a characteristic of ciliated epithelial cells?

They have cilia that beat to move particles away from the surface.

What is the function of squamous epithelial cells?

They are very thin to allow efficient diffusion of gases.

What is the function of sperm cells?

Sperm cells swim to the egg for fertilization.

What adaptations do sperm cells have for swimming?

They have a flagellum (tail) for movement and many mitochondria for energy.

What is the purpose of the acrosome in sperm cells?

The acrosome contains digestive enzymes to help penetrate the egg's surface.

What is the main function of palisade mesophyll cells?

They perform most of the photosynthesis in leaves.

How do palisade mesophyll cells maximize sunlight absorption?

They contain many chloroplasts and have thin walls for easy diffusion of carbon dioxide.

What is the role of root hair cells?

Root hair cells absorb water and mineral ions from the soil.

What adaptations do root hair cells have for absorption?

They have a large surface area and a thin, permeable cell wall.

How do guard cells function in gas exchange?

They form stomata, which open and close to regulate gas exchange.

What happens to guard cells in light?

They take up water, become turgid, and bend to open the stomata.

What is the significance of stomata in leaves?

Stomata allow for gas exchange necessary for photosynthesis.

What is the role of mitochondria in root hair cells?

Mitochondria provide the energy needed for active transport of water and ions.