Population change

Demographers

people who study the human population. Demography is the study of human populations

Low-income countres (LICs)

classified by the World Bank (in 2022) as a country with a gross national income per capita of $1135 or less

High-income countries (HICs)

classified by the World Bank (in 2022) as a country with a gross capita of $12846 or more

Population explosion

a sudden increase in the number of people in a specific area at a given time

Population momentum

when growing populations continue growing even after the fertility rate declines, due to the population’s young age

Crude birth rate (CBR)

the number of live birth rates per 1000 people per year, usually calculated for a country

Fertility rate

the average number of children a woman gives birth to during her lifetime

Crude death rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per 1000 people per year, usually calculated for a country

Natural increase

the difference between the CBR and CDR. It can be recorded either as a net change per 1000 people or as a percentage

Migration

the movement of people from one area to another. This may be tmeporary or permanent and mya be international or within a country

Net migration

the balance between immigration and emigration numbers for a particular country

Population policy

an action taken by a country’s government to influence the size of the population

Pro-natalist policy

a government policy to encourage people to have more children

Anti-natalist policy

a government policy to slow down a country’s fertility rate by imposing limits on childbirth

Replacement level

the level of fertility at which a population exactly replaces itself from one generation to the next. In HICs, replacement level fertility can be taken as requiring an average of 2.1 children per woman.

Infant mortality rate

the number of deaths of infants under one year old per 100 live births per year.

Population structure

the make-up of a population in terms of age, sex, occupation, ethnicity, or any other selected criteria

Population pyramid

a type of bar chart used to show the proportion of males and females belonging to different age groups for a place or country.

Economically active

people aged 15-64, who are usually working and providing resources to dependents

Dependents

people who are not part of the labour force of a country. This includes young dependents (those aged 0-14) and elderly dependents (those aged 65 and above)

Ageing population

an increase in the proportion of older (over the age of 65) people

Youthful population

a country which has a high proportion of young (under the age of 15) people

International migration

the permanent movement of people from one country to another country

Emigrant

a person who leaves their country of origin to live in another country permanently

Immigrant

a person who moves to a foreign country to live there permanently

Push factor

negative factors that encourage or force people to move from a place

Pull factor

the perceived positive factors that encourage people to move to a place

Voluntary migration

when comeone chooses to move usually for better opportunities

Economic migrant

a person seeking work in another country

Remittances

the money or goods that migrants send back to families and friends in origin countries

Destination country

in international migration, the country which migrants are moving to

Origin country

in international migration, the country whcih migrants are moving from

Middle-income countries (MICs)

classified by the World Bank as a gross national income per capita between $1136 and $13845 in 2022