bsci 202 lab practical 1

what color is oxygen rich blood?

bright red

What is the average volume of blood in adults?

female – 4-5, male – 5-6L

What type of tissue is blood? Why?

connective tissue, because they are cells within a fluid matrix

What percentage of blood is water?

90%

What is the most numerous blood cell type?

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

What are the formed elements?

erythrocytes and leukocytes

What is in plasma?

other than 95% water is water, electrolytes, and plasma proteins

What are the different types of plasma proteins and their functions

albumin-osmotic balance

fibrinogen-clotting

globulins-antibodies, lipid transport

Name

physical description

# of cells

function

erythrocyte

biconcave,

no nucleus (anucleated)

7-8 micrometer diameter

4-6 million/µL

transport oxygen

name

physical description

# of cells

function

neutrophil multilobed nucleus; pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules, diameter 10-12 3000-7000/ µL phagocytuze pathogens or debris

name physical description # of cells and function

eosinophil bilobed nucleus, red cytoplasmic granules 10-14 µm 100-400/ µL kill parasitic worms, kinda phagocytic, involved in allergy/asthma

name physical description # of cells and function

basophil

lobed nucleus, large blue cytoplasmic granules

10-14 µm 20-50/ µL release histamine

have heparin (anticoagulant)

name physical description # of cells and function

Lymphocyte: spherical/indented nucleuss, pale blue cytoplasm 5-17 µm 1500-3000/ µL help with immune response by direct cell attack or producing antibodies

name physical description # of cells and function

monocyte U/kidney shaped, gray-blue cytoplasm, 100-700/ µL blood in tissues-develop into macrophages

How many WBC’s/microliter

4800-108000

platelet physical description # of cells and function

cytoplasmic fragments that have granules, deep purple, 150k-400k, blood clotting

leukocytosis

WBC over 11k/mm^3, indicates infection, metabolic disease, hemmorrhage, or poisoning

leukopenia

WBC count below 4000/mm^3, indicate chemical/toxin exposure, leukemia

leukemia

proliferation of abnormal WBCs , comes with reduced # of RBCs and platelets

Polycemia

increased # of RBCs

Anemia

decreased oxygen carrying capacity

Differential WBC count

100 WBCs counted/classified

Hematocrit

amount of RBCs in blood, males-47+/-5 females:42+/- 5

How does oxygen bind to heme

reversibly

What is the normal amount of hemoglobin in blood

12-18g/100 mL, men’s are usually higher than females

Order of Hemostasis

Clotting- inured tissue release tissue factor platelets release phosphatidylserine ; TF and phos interact with other clotting factors and calcium ions to form prothrombin activator ; ->thrombin, thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin ; fibrin forms mesh to trap RBCs

Antigens

anything that produces an immune response

Agglutinogens

a type of antigen that causes agglutination

Atherosclerosis

blood vessels blocked by plaque, plaque can serve as start points for blood clots

What is normal value for plasma cholesterol

130-200mg/100ml

What are thrombi

blood clots

What is thrombosis

when blood clot abnormally restricts blood flow

Iron-deficiency anemia

erythrocytes are smaller

Aplastic anemia

bone marrow doesn’t produce enough erythrocytes

Hemolytic anemia

erythrocytes are destroyed too quickly

Sickle cell anemia

sickle-shaped erythrocytes

Hemorrhagic anemia

caused by blood loss, NOT detected by hematocrit

What happens when you are dehydrated?

plasma % decrease (bc plasma is 90% water)

Hematocrit formula

height RBC/height all components X 100

Buffy coat

contains leukocytes and platelets, less than 1% blood

What is the order of conduction of the heart

SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, subendocardial conducting network

Sinatrial node

pacemaker, generates impulses

Atrioventricular node

impulses pause for 0.1 second

Atrioventricular bundle

bundle of His, conducts impulse to bundle branches, in interventricular septum

Bundle branches

conduct impulses through interventricular septum

Subendocardial conducting network (purkinge fibers)

depolarizes contractile cells of both ventricles

What happens when AV node-bundle pathway is damaged

stops SA node from interacting with ventricles

Intrinsic conduction system

cardiac pacemaker cells, depolarizes heart sequentially

Segment

region between 2 waves

Interval

segment and one or more waves

What does P hump represent

atrial depolarization

What does R on ecg represent

Ventricular depolarization

What does T represent

ventricular repolarization

Tachycardia

over 100 beats/min

Bradycardia

lower than 60 beats/min

Fibrillation

rapid, uncoordinated heart contractions

what is this

fibrillation

what is this

bradycardia

what is this

tachycardia

what is lub and what is dub

lub: atrioventricular valves close during the beginning of ventricular systolic contraction

dub: semilunar valves close at the end of the ventricular systolic contraction

Why is bradycardia good in athletes

indicates stroke volume has increased

What is stroke volume

amount of blood ejected by ventricle

How many leads are used to record an ECG standard how many are bipolar and how many are unipolar

12, 3 bipolar 9 unipolar

What does enlarged R wave mean

enlarged ventricles

What does prolong P-R interval mean

1st degree heart block, signal from SA node to AV node is delayed longer than normal

What does prolonged Q-T interval mean

increased risk of arrhythmias, interval corresponds to beginning if ventricular depolarization and repolarization

What does elevated S-T segment mean

myocardial infarction

What is the major function of the cardiovascular system

transportation with blood as the transport vehicle

Apex of the heart

pointed tip of the heart that extends slightly to the left

Pericardium

double-walled sac that encloses the heart

Fibrous pericardium

loose-fitting superficial part of pericardium

Serous pericardium

lines internal surface of fibrous pericardium, part of the parietal layer

Visceral layer/epicardium

outer layer of the heart

Myocardium

middle layer, thickest, mainly cardiac muscle, reinforced with dense fibrous connective tissue and has the cardiac skeleton, thicker around the heart valves and base of great vessels leaving the heart

What is the cardiac skeleton?

the thick layer of myocardium that surrounds the heart

What is the thickest layer of the heart?

myocardium

Endocardium

inner lining of the heart, covers heart valves, continuous with inner lining of great vessels

What is the endocardium made of

simple squamous epithelium that rests on areolar connective tissue

What divides the heart longitudinally

interarterial septum

What separates the ventricles

interventricular septum

What forms the bulk of the heart

ventricles, which are discharging chambers

What is the tricuspid valve

right atrioventricular valve, 3 flap/cusps

Mitral valve

left AV valve, two flaps/cusps

What anchors the AV valves and what is it made of

chordae tendons, made of papillary muscle

What happens to the AV valves when ventricles contract

AV valves close to prevent backflow of blood

What happens if AV valves are unanchored

cusps move upward into atria (like turned umbrella)

Pulmonary SL valve location and structure

3 cusps, located between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Aortic SL valve location and structure

3 pocketlike cusps, between left ventricle and aorta

During contraction what do SL valves do

SL valves are open against walls of vessel

When ventricles relax what do SL valves do

SL valves close, preventing backflow

What is the order of the blood flow in the pulmonary circuit

1. Oxygen poor blood from vena cavae go into right atrium 2. Tricuspid valve 3. Right ventricle 4. Pulmonary valve 5. Pulmonary trunk 6. Branch into left and right pulmonary arteries 7. Lungs 8. Pulmonary veins

What is the order of blood flow from the systematic circuit

1.Left atrium (from pulmonary veins) 2. Mitral valve 3. Left ventricle 4. Aortic valve 5. Aorta 6. Arteries 7. Arterioles 8. Capillaries 9. Venules 10. Veins 11. Venae cavae 12. Right atrium

What is the systematic circuit and the pulmonary circuit?

systematic - carries oxygen blood to system pulmonary - carries oxygen poor blood to lungs

What is the largest artery in the body

aorta, leaves from left ventricle of the heart

What supplies the myocardium with blood

coronary circuit

Great cardiac vein

drains anterior part of both ventricles

Coronary sinus

drains the whole heart, middle and small cardiac veins

What are arteries

transport blood away from the heart

Elastic arteries

expand a lot, close to the heart