animals unit

Ectoderm

Outer, becomes skin and nervous system

Mesoderm

Middle, becomes muscles, bones, red blood cells, organs

Endoderm

Inner that becomes digestive tract, thyroid, lungs

What symmetry do triploblastic organisms have

Bilaterians (bilateral symmetry)

What type of symmetry do diploblastic organisms have

Radial symmetry

Protostomes

Mouths then anus

Deuterostomes

Anus then mouth (dooky)

Gastrulation

Blastula invaginates forming blastopore— forms digestive tract and germ layers

Blastopore

Becomes mouth or anus

Cephalization

Sensory organs and nervous tissue at anterior end

Coeloms

Body cavities

Acoelomates

No fluid filled body cavity separating walls from digestive tracts

Pseudocoelomates

Body cavity but not internal organs lined with mesoderm. Organs suspended in pseudocoel

Coelomates

Body cavity and internal organs lined with mesoderm. Muscular tissue called peritoneum

Spicules

Used by carnivorous sponges to capture prey

Ctenophores

Comb jellies. Diploblastic, radial symmetry

Placozoans

Asymmetric diploblastic

Cnidarians

Have nervous system, stings

Essential nutrient

Must be consumed, not produced

Essential amino acids

PVT TIM HiLL

PVT TIM HiLL

Phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, threonine, isoleucine, methionine, histidine, leucine, lysine

Epithelial tissue

Lines intestines, blood vessels, move ions, senses, take up nutrients, etc

Poikilotherms/ectotherms

Heat from environment (Cold blooded)

Homeotherms/endotherms

Heat from cellular metabolism

Control mechanism

Compares sensor reading to set point and decides which effector to activate

Effector

Tissue or organ that changes variable in homeostasis

In thermoregulation the control center is the

Hypothalamus

countercurrent exchange

arteries and veins transfer heat

Spiracles

External openings of tracheal system in insects

Pulmonary surfactant

Mix of lipids and proteins lining lungs. Prevents alveolar walls from adhering to each other and collapsing lung

Amphibian lungs

Positive pressure breathing

Parabronchi

Tubes in bird lungs moving air continuously and unidirectionally…gas exchange DOES NOT occur in air sacs, occur in parabronchi. Allows for 2 cycles of air

Left atria and ventricle contain ____ blood from the ______

Oxygenated, lungs

The right atrium and ventricle contain ____ blood that gets pushed to the _____

Deoxygenated, lungs

Pacemaking begins at the ___ node and continues to the ___ node

SA, AV

Freshwater animals are _____ to freshwater

Hyperosmotic

What happens when an organism is hyperosmotic

Water diffuses into tissues and ions diffuse out

What happens when organisms are hyposmotic

Lose water, gain excess ions

Sea turtles eat food with ____ osmotic pressure

High

What kind of osmotic pressure do freshwater organisms have

Hyperosmotic

Cortisol

Saltwater hormone that directs shift to hyposmotic regulation (pump salts out)

Prolactin

Freshwater hormone that directs shift to Hyperosmotic regulation (pull salts in)

Is a blue crab an osmotic conformer or regulator

Regulator

Are marine animals osmotic conformer or regulators

Conformer

What type of waste do aquatic animals make

Ammonia

Passive diffusion of ammonia

Most toxic but highly water soluble, uses water to dilute to nontoxic levels

What type of waste do terrestrial animals make?

urea

Urea

More metabolically expensive than ammonia (requires dedicated transporter proteins), less toxic, involves water loss

What type of waste do birds, insects, and reptiles make?

uric acid

Uric acid

Most expensive metabolically, water insoluble (minimal water loss)

Protonephridia

Ultrafiltration driven by cilia moving fluid outward (proto, cilia)

Mesonephridia

Ultrafiltration driven by fluid pressure in AQUATIC VERTEBRATES, requires circulatory system

Metanephridia

Ultrafiltration driven by fluid pressure in TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS, requires circulatory system

Malpighian tubules

Filtration driven by active secretion of ions in arthropods

Hindgut

kidneys in reptiles and birds store this

Afferent arteriole

Carries blood to the glomerulus

Glomerulus

A tuft of capillaries that filters filters protein free plasma into the tubular component

Efferent arteriole

Carries blood from glomerulus

Peritubular capillaries

Supply the renal tissue, involved in exchanges with the fluid in the tubular lumen

Bowman’s capsule

Collects glomerular filtrate

Proximal tubule

Uncontrolled reabsorption and secretion of selected substances occur here

Loop of henle

Establishes an osmotic gradient in the renal medulla that is important in the kidney‘s ability to produce urine of varying concentration

Distal tubule and collecting duct

Variable controlled reabsorption of Na and water and secretion of K and H+ occur here, fluid leaving collecting duct is urine

Where does reabsorption of most substances happen

Proximal tube

Is water passively or actively reabsorbed by the kidney

Passively

Is sodium passively or actively reabsorbed by the kidney

Actively

How does reabsorption work in the loop of henle

allows water but not sodium

How does reabsorption of sodium work in the ascending limb

Allows sodium reabsorption but not water

What hormone controls water reabsorption

Vasopressin

Renin-angiostensin-aldosterone

JGA—renin—angiotensinogen—angiotensin I—angiotensin II—aldosterone

Aldosterone

Increases Na+ reabsorption, stimulates vasopressin (promotes water retention), constrictor of systemic arterioles (inc bp)

Types of salivary glands in mammals

Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular

What in saliva

Water, mucus, amylase, bicarbonate

Pharyngeal pressure receptors

Send afferent impulses to the medulla oblongota

Oxyntic mucosa, mucous cells

Secrete mucus

Oxyntic mucosa, chief cells

Secrete pepsinogen

Oxyntic mucosa, parietal cells

Secrete HCl and intrinsic fac

Pyloric gland area, G cells

Secrete gastrin into blood

Pyloric gland area, ECL cells

Secrete histamine

Pyloric gland area, D cells

Secrete somatostatin

Pepsinogen

Inactive until cleaved by HCl to form pepsin which digests proteins

Acetylcholine

Neurotransmitter from parasympathetic neurons

Function of acetylcholine

Occurs in anticipation of food, occurs when food physically stimulates stomach

Gastrin

Occurs in response to ACh, GRP, and elevated stomach pH

Histamine

Responds to gastrin, activates H2 receptors and HCl secretion

Why is the stomach lining not digested

Gastric mucosal barrier, stomach lining is replaced every 3 days

Peptic ulcer

Erosion of the stomach wall

What is the role of HCO3 in the duodenum

Neutralizes acid and activates enzymes

Function of bile salts in the biliary system

Emulsify lipids to aid digestion (larger surface area)

Gastric mucosal barrier

Secretes bicarbonate rich mucus

villi

Microscopic finger like projections on small intestine

Microvilli

Smaller hair like projections on luminal surface of epithelial cells

Where does most absorption take place in the small intestine

The duodenum and jejunum

Chylomicrons

Phospholipids surrounding triglycerides

Nerve

Bundle of neurons in the PNS

Blood in the left ventricle gets pumped to the

Body

Blood in the right ventricle gets pumped to the

Lungs

Sympathetic nervous system

Fight or flight, neurons at the SA node and ventricles, release epinephrine

Parasympathetic nervous system

Rest and digest, releases acetylcholine

The P wave represents

Atrial depolarization