ITSS LEC 4 - Hardware, Software, and Mobile Systems

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Executes instructions from the software, performs arithmetic calculations and logical comparisons, and stores results of operations in memory.

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Temporary storage that the CPU uses to store data it is actively using. More ___ handles more tasks at once, but it is volatile, and the computer loses data when turned off. Nonvolatile memory keeps the content when the power is off.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Long term storage device, contains moving physical parts. Used to store operating systems, SW, and files such as documents and photos.

Solid State Drive (SSD)

Long term data storage device, no physical components. Used to store operating systems, SW, and files such as documents and photos.

Control Unit (CU)

An internal part of a CPU circuitry, it gets instructions from memory, decodes them, and directs the other components to execute the required operations.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

An internal part of a CPU circuitry, performs mathematical calculations and makes logical decisions based on the instructions received from the control unit.

Registers

An internal part of the CPU circuitry, they’re small, high speed memory locations that temporarily store data and intermediate resultsduring processing.

Internet of Things (IoT)

The idea that objects are being connected to the internet so they can interact with other devices, applications, and services. A network of physical devices, vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enable them to collect and exchange data over the internet. These devices can interact, share data, and perform tasks autonomously.

Bits

Computers represent data using binary digits called: _____, short for binary digit. It is the smallest unit of data.

Bytes

Bits are grouped into 8-bit chunks called:

1. Digital Reality Devices

2. Autonomous Vehicles

3. Industrial Robots

4. 3D Printing

5. FinTech

Five new hardwares with the potential to disrupt existing organizations.

Virtual Reality

Completely computer generated virtual world with interactive digital objects. - Oculus Quest by Meta

Augmented Reality

It alters reality by overlaying digital information on real world objects. - Microsoft Hololens or Google Glass

Mixed Reality

Combines elements of VR and AR, allowing virtual and real world objects to interact in real time - Magic Leap

Blockchain

Decentralized digital ledger that securely, transparently, and permanently records transactions across a network of computers. Each transaction is grouped into a block and blocks are linked together, forming a chain. Once a chain is recorded, it is almost impossible to alter or delete without affecting entire chain.

Cryptocurrency

Digital currency that uses cryptography for security. They operate on decentralized systems, using blockchain technology to record transactions. Direct fund transfers. Reduces role of banks.

Native Application

A software application specifically designed and written to run on a particular operating system. Directly installed on a device and uses its’ hardware and software capabilities for optimal performance.

Web Application

A software application that runs on a web server and is accessed by a web browser over internet or local network,

Client

Software category; device or software application that requests services, data or resources from a server. The initiator of communication, computer, phone, web browser.

Server

Software category; powerful computer or software that provides resources, services, or data to clients over a network. Web. Email. Database.

Off-the-shelf software

a standardized software application that is mass-produced and readily available to the general public (GMAIL, video games)

Customized-developed software

Designed and customized to fit an organization’s workflows and goals and evolve with the organization’s needs. (eCommerce platform)

Horizontal-market application software

a type of software designed to be used across a wide range of industries and organizations, rather than being specialized for a particular industry (spreadsheets, presentations, word)

Vertical-market application software

Specific program designed to meet the specific program designed to meet the specific needs of a particular industry or niche market. Focuses on unique challenges of a specific field. Dentists, fitness centers, mechanic shops.

One-of-a-kind software

Highly specialized and custom built software solution designed for a unique use or need that no other organization has. Seen in industries like government, finance, healthcare, and research, where specialized solutions are crucial. IRS, space shuttle, submarines.

Firmware

Computer software installed into various devices (printers, cameras, smartphones) to help them function. Installed into special read-only memory of devices. Designed to function as permanent part of hardware, serves as intermediary between hardware and software.

Open-source software

Source code freely available to the public. Anyone can view, modify, enhance, and distribute the software. Mozilla Firegox, Linux, Android, etc.

Mobile systems

Information systems that support users in motion. )start reading a book on an iPad and finish it at home later on PC)

Mobile devices (hardware), mobile operating systems (OS), mobile applications (apps), mobile networks (4G LTE, 5G, Wi-Fi)

Key components of mobile systems