bio 3 test

Acronym representing the six essential elements found in all living things

SPONCH (Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen)

Ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen in a standard carbohydrate molecule

1:2:1 (Example: Glucose = $C_6H_{12}O_6$)

Macromolecule polymer used for energy storage in plants

Starch

Polysaccharide used for energy storage in animal liver and muscle tissue

Glycogen

Structural polysaccharide that forms plant cell walls and is not easily digested

Cellulose

Structural polysaccharide that makes up the exoskeletons of insects and arthropods

Chitin

Class of organic compounds composed of fatty acids that are insoluble in water

Lipids

Type of lipid made of three fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol molecule

Triglyceride

Structural component of cell membranes consisting of a phosphate group and two fatty acid tails

Phospholipid

Lipids characterized by a structure of four carbon-based rings without fatty acid chains

Steroids (e.g., cholesterol, estrogen, testosterone)

Structural and physical differences between saturated and unsaturated fats

Saturated fats contain only single carbon-carbon bonds and are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats contain double bonds (causing kinks) and are liquid at room temperature.

Monomer (building block) of proteins

Amino acid

Four levels of protein structure and their descriptions

1. Primary: sequence of amino acids
2. Secondary: folding patterns (alpha helix or beta sheet)
3. Tertiary: overall 3D shape
4. Quaternary: multiple peptide chains combined into a single functional unit

Three components that make up a nucleotide monomer

1. A five-carbon sugar (ribose or deoxyribose)
2. A phosphate group
3. A nitrogenous base

Modified RNA nucleotide with three phosphate groups used directly for cellular energy

ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)